Étienne Balibar

Étienne Balibar (/bælɪˈbɑːr/; French: [etjɛn balibaʁ]; born 23 April 1942) is a French philosopher. He has taught at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, at the University of California Irvine and is currently an Anniversary Chair Professor at the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP) at Kingston University and a Visiting Professor at the Department of French and Romance Philology at Columbia University.

Étienne Balibar
Born (1942-04-23) 23 April 1942
Avallon, Burgundy, France
Alma materÉcole normale supérieure
Era20th-/21st-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolContinental philosophy
Post-Marxism
Main interests
Political philosophy
Notable ideas
Equaliberty

Life

Balibar was born in Avallon, Yonne, Burgundy, France in 1942, and first rose to prominence as one of Althusser's pupils at the École normale supérieure. He entered the École normale supérieure in 1960.[1]

In 1961, Balibar joined the Parti communiste français. He was expelled in 1981 for critiquing the party's policy on immigration in an article.[2]

Balibar participated in Louis Althusser's seminar on Karl Marx's Das Kapital in 1965.[3] This seminar resulted in the book Reading Capital, co-authored by Althusser and his students. Balibar's chapter, "On the Basic Concepts of Historical Materialism," was republished along with those of Althusser in the book's abridged version (trans. 1970),[4] until a complete translation was published in 2016.[5]

In 1987, he received his doctorate degree in philosophy from the Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen in the Netherlands.[1] He received his habilitation from the Université Paris I in 1993. Balibar joined the University of Paris X-Nanterre as a professor in 1994, and the University of California, Irvine in 2000. He became Professor Emeritus of Paris X in 2002.[1]

His daughter with the physicist Françoise Balibar is the actress Jeanne Balibar.[6]

Work

In Masses, Classes and Ideas, Balibar argues that in Das Kapital (or Capital), the theory of historical materialism comes into conflict with the critical theory that Marx begins to develop, particularly in his analysis of the category of labor, which in capitalism becomes a form of property. This conflict involves two distinct uses of the term "labor": labor as the revolutionary class subject (i.e., the "proletariat") and labor as an objective condition for the reproduction of capitalism (the "working class"). In The German Ideology, Marx conflates these two meanings, and treats labor as, in Balibar’s words, the "veritable site of truth as well as the place from which the world is changed..."

In Capital, however, the disparity between the two senses of labor becomes apparent. One manifestation of this is the virtual disappearance in the text of the term "proletariat." As Balibar points out, the term appears only twice in the first edition of Capital, published in 1867: in the dedication to Wilhelm Wolff and in the two final sections on the "General Law of Capitalist Accumulation". For Balibar, this implies that "the emergence of a revolutionary form of subjectivity (or identity)... is never a specific property of nature, and therefore brings with it no guarantees, but obliges us to search for the conditions in a conjuncture that can precipitate class struggles into mass movements...". Moreover, "[t]here is no proof… that these forms are always and eternally the same (for example, the party-form, or the trade union)."

In "The Nation Form: History and Ideology,"[7] Balibar critiques modern conceptions of the nation-state. He states that he is undertaking a study of the contradiction of the nation-state because "Thinking about racism led us back to nationalism, and nationalism to uncertainty about the historical realities and categorization of the nation" (329).

Balibar contends that it is impossible to pinpoint the beginning of a nation or to argue that the modern people who inhabit a nation-state are the descendants of the nation that preceded it. Balibar argues that, because no nation-state has an ethnic base, every nation-state must create fictional ethnicities in order to project stability on the populace:

Etienne Balibar with Judith Butler in Berkeley, 2014

"the idea of nations without a state, or nations 'before' the state, is thus a contradiction in terms, because a state always is implied in the historic framework of a national formation (even if not necessarily within the limits of its territory). But this contradiction is masked by the fact that national states, whose integrity suffers from internal conflicts that threaten its survival (regional conflicts, and especially class conflicts), project beneath their political existence to a preexisting 'ethnic' or 'popular' unity" (331)

In order to minimize these regional, class, and race conflicts, nation-states fabricate myths of origin that produce the illusion of shared ethnicity among all their inhabitants. In order to create these myths of origins, nation-states scour the historical period during which they were "formed" to find justification for their existence. They also create the illusion of shared ethnicity through linguistic communities: when everyone has access to the same language, they feel as if they share an ethnicity. Balibar argues that "schooling is the principal institution which produces ethnicity as linguistic community" (351). In addition, this ethnicity is created through the "nationalization of the family," meaning that the state comes to perform certain functions that might traditionally be performed by the family, such as the regulation of marriages and administration of social security.

Bibliography

Works in French
  • 1965: Lire le Capital. With Louis Althusser et al.
  • 1974: Cinq Etudes du Matérialisme Historique.
  • 1976: Sur La Dictature du Prolétariat.
  • 1985: Spinoza et la politique.
  • 1988: Race, Nation, Classe. With Immanuel Wallerstein.
  • 1991: Écrits pour Althusser.
  • 1992: Les Frontieres De La Démocratie
  • 1993: La philosophie de Marx.
  • 1997: La crainte des masses: politique et philosophie avant et après Marx. (French version of Masses, Classes, Ideas, with extra essays)
  • 1998: Droit de cité. Culture et politique en démocratie.
  • 1998: John Locke, Identité et différence - L'invention de la conscience (Balibar's Monograph on John Locke)
  • 2001: Nous, citoyens d’Europe? Les frontières, l’État, le peuple.
  • 2003: L'Europe, l'Amérique, la Guerre. Réflexions sur la médiation européenne.
  • 2005: Europe, Constitution, Frontière.
  • 2010: La proposition de l'égaliberté.
  • 2010: Violence et Civilité: Wellek Library Lectures et autres essais de philosophie politique
  • 2011: Citoyen sujet et autres essais d'anthropologie philosophique
  • 2012: Saeculum : Culture, religion, idéologie
  • 2015: Violence, civilité, révolution (edited volume about Balibar's work)
  • 2016: Europe, Crise et fin ?
  • 2016: Des Universels. Essais et conférences
  • 2018: Spinoza politique. Le transindividuel (French version of Italian original, which appeared in 2002)

Selected translations
  • 1970: Reading Capital (London: NLB). With Louis Althusser. Trans. Ben Brewster.
  • 1977: On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat (London: NLB). Trans. Grahame Lock.
  • 1991: Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities (London & New York: Verso). With Immanuel Wallerstein. Trans. Chris Turner.
  • 1994: Masses, Classes, Ideas: Studies on Politics and Philosophy Before and After Marx (New York & London: Routledge). Trans. James Swenson.
  • 1995: The Philosophy of Marx (London & New York: Verso). Trans. Chris Turner.
  • 1998: Spinoza and Politics (London & New York: Verso). Trans. Peter Snowdon.
  • 2002: Politics and the Other Scene (London & New York: Verso). Trans. Christine Jones, James Swenson & Chris Turner.
  • 2004: We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship (Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press). Trans. James Swenson.
  • 2013: Identity and Difference: John Locke and the Invention of Consciousness (London & New York: Verso).
  • 2014: Equaliberty: Political Essays (Durham, NC: Duke University Press). Trans. James Ingram.
  • 2015: Violence and Civility: On the Limits of Political Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press). Trans. G.M. Goshgarian.
  • 2015: Citizenship (Cambridge: Polity). Trans. Thomas Scott-Railton.
  • 2017: Citizen Subject: Foundations for Philosophical Anthropology (New York: Fordham University Press). Trans. Steven Miller.
  • 2018: Secularism and Cosmopolitanism: Critical Hypotheses on Religion and Politics (New York: Columbia University Press). Trans. G. M. Goshgarian.
  • 2020: Spinoza, the Transindividual (Edinburgh: Edingburgh University Press). Trans. M.G.E. Kelly.

Online texts

References
  1. Special Collections and Archives, University of California, Irvine Libraries (2012). "Guide to the Etienne Balibar Papers" (PDF). Online Archive of California. Retrieved 20 February 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. "From Charonne to Vitry (1981) - Viewpoint Magazine". Viewpoint Magazine. 1 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  3. Online Archive of California, California Digital Library (2012). "Guide to the Etienne Balibar Papers". Online Archive of California. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  4. Althusser, Louis, Balibar, Etienne (1970). "Reading Capital". Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  5. "Verso". www.versobooks.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  6. "Jeanne Balibar". en.unifrance.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  7. Balibar, Etienne. "The Nation Form: History and Ideology." Trans. Immanuel Wallerstein and Chris Turner Review (Fernand Braudel Center 13.3 (1990): 329-361.

Further reading
  • Stoler, Ann Laura (ed.), Thinking with Balibar: A Lexicon of Conceptual Practice, Fordham University Press, 2020.
  • Montag, Warren; Elsayed, Hanan (ed.), Balibar and the Citizen Subject, Edinburgh University Press, 2017.
  • Deleixhe, Martin, Etienne Balibar. L'illimitation démocratique, Michalon, 2014.
  • Gaille, Marie; Lacroix, Justine et Sardinha, Diogo (ed.), "Pourquoi Balibar ?", Raison Publique, 2014.
  • Hewlett, Nick, Badiou, Balibar, Rancière: Re-Thinking Emancipation, Continuum, 2010.
  • Lacroix, Justine, La pensée française à l'épreuve de l'Europe, Grasset, 2008.
  • Raynaud, Philippe, L'Extrême gauche plurielle. Entre démocratie radicale et révolution, Autrement, 2006.

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