1112 Polonia

1112 Polonia, provisional designation 1928 PE, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz in 1928,[1] it was the first asteroid discovery made by a woman.[3] The L-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 82.5 hours,[6] and was named for the country of Poland.[3]

Not to be confused with 142 Polana.
1112 Polonia
Discovery [1]
Discovered byP. Shajn
Discovery siteSimeiz Obs.
Discovery date15 August 1928
Designations
(1112) Polonia
Pronunciation/poʊˈloʊniə/[2]
Named after
Poland
(European country)[3]
1928 PE · 1933 PA
A908 XA
main-belt [1][4] · (outer)
Eos [5][6]
Orbital characteristics [4]
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc89.20 yr (32,582 d)
Aphelion3.3423 AU
Perihelion2.6963 AU
3.0193 AU
Eccentricity0.1070
5.25 yr (1,916 d)
326.70°
0° 11m 16.44s / day
Inclination8.9911°
302.86°
87.361°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
35.76±1.6 km[7]
37.55±0.60 km[8]
39.661±0.334 km[9]
47.058±0.368 km[10]
82.5±0.5 h[11][lower-alpha 1]
0.0763±0.0097[10]
0.097±0.023[9]
0.128±0.005[8]
0.1319±0.012[7]
S (Tholen)[4]
L (SDSS-MOC)[12]
B–V = 0.797[4]
U–B = 0.447[4]
10.05[4][6][7][8][10]

    Discovery

    Polonia was first observed as A908 XA at the German Heidelberg Observatory in December 1908. It was officially discovered on 15 August 1928, by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula.[1] On the following night at Simeis, it was independently discovered by her college Grigory Neujmin.[3] The Minor Planet Center only recognized the first discoverer.[1]

    Polonia was Shajn's first discovery; and the first asteroid discovery made by a woman,[3] bringing a long-standing tradition – which began with the discovery of 1 Ceres in 1801 – of more than a thousand minor planet discoveries exclusively made by male astronomers, to an end.

    Orbit and classification

    Polonia is a core member of the Eos family (606),[5][6] the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.[13]

    It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days; semi-major axis of 3.02 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.[4] The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in 1928.[1]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen classification, Polonia is a common, stony S-type asteroid.[4] In the more refined SDSS-based taxonomy, it is characterized as an uncommon L-type,[12] which is similar to a K-type, the overall spectral type of the Eoan asteroids.[13]:23

    Rotation period

    In October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Polonia was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 82.5 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).[6][11][lower-alpha 1] The asteroid's long period it is close to that of a slow rotator.

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Polonia measures between 35.76 and 47.058 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0763 and 0.1319.[7][8][9][10] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1319 and a diameter of 35.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.05.[6]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named "Polonia", the Latin name for the European country of Poland. It is the first minor planet discovery made by a woman. The naming was proposed by L. Matkiewicz, an astronomer of Polish origin, who calculated the body's orbit. The official citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 104).[3]

    Notes
    1. Lightcurve plot of 1(1112) Polonia, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2007). Rotation period 82.5±0.5 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20±0.03 mag. Quality code is 2. Summary figures at the LCDB.

    References
    1. "1112 Polonia (1928 PE)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
    2. "Polonia". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1112) Polonia". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1112) Polonia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 94. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1113. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1112 Polonia (1928 PE)" (2017-10-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
    5. "Asteroid 1112 Polonia". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
    6. "LCDB Data for (1112) Polonia". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 29 May 2018.
    7. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
    8. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 17 October 2019. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    9. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    10. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. (catalog)
    11. Warner, Brian D. (June 2008). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: September-December 2007". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 35 (2): 67–71. Bibcode:2008MPBu...35...67W. ISSN 1052-8091.
    12. Carvano, J. M.; Hasselmann, P. H.; Lazzaro, D.; Mothé-Diniz, T. (February 2010). "SDSS-based taxonomic classification and orbital distribution of main belt asteroids". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 510: 12. Bibcode:2010A&A...510A..43C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913322. Retrieved 30 October 2019. (PDS data set)
    13. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families. Asteroids IV. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131.

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