1948 Accra riots

The Accra Riots started on 28 February 1948 in Accra, the capital of present-day Ghana, which at the time was the British colony of the Gold Coast. A protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen who were agitating for their benefits as veterans of World War II was broken up by police, leaving three leaders of the group dead. Among those killed was Sergeant Nii Adjetey,[1] who has since been memorialized in Accra.

The 28 February incident is considered "the straw that broke the camel's back", marking the beginning of the process of the Gold Coast towards being the first African colony to achieve independence, becoming Ghana on 6 March 1957.[2]

Background

In January 1948, the Ga chief, Nii Kwabena Bonne III,[3] known in private life as Theodore Taylor (1888–1968),[4] had organized a boycott of all European imports in response to their inflated prices.[5][6] The boycott's aim was to press the foreign traders known as the Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) to reduce the inflated prices of their goods.[7] [notes 1]The boycott was followed by a series of riots in early February 1948.[9] The day the boycott was scheduled to end, 28 February, coincided with a march by veterans of World War II.[7]

28 February march and riot

The march on 28 February 1948 was a peaceful attempt by former soldiers to bring a petition to the Governor of the Gold Coast requesting the dispensation of promised pensions and other compensation for their efforts during the war. The ex-servicemen were members of the Gold Coast Regiment, who were among the most decorated African soldiers, having fought alongside British troops in Burma. They had been promised pensions and jobs after the war; however, when they returned home, jobs were scarce and their pensions were never disbursed.

As the group marched toward the Governor's residence at Christiansborg Castle, they were stopped and confronted by the colonial police, who refused to let them pass. The British police Superintendent Imray ordered his subordinate to shoot at the protesters, but the man did not. Possibly in panic,[10] Imray grabbed the gun and shot at the leaders,[11] killing three former soldiers: Sergeant Adjetey, Corporal Attipoe, and Private Odartey Lamptey.[6] Apart from the three fatalities, a further 60 ex-servicemen were wounded.

People in Accra took to the streets in riot.[11] On the same day, the local political leadership, the United Gold Coast Convention[12] (UGCC), led by the Big Six, sent a cable on the same day to the Secretary of State in London:[13]

"...unless Colonial Government is changed and a new Government of the people and their Chiefs installed at the centre immediately, the conduct of masses now completely out of control with strikes threatened in Police quarters, and rank and file Police indifferent to orders of Officers, will continue and result in worse violent and irresponsible acts by uncontrolled people."[13]

They also blamed the Governor Sir Gerald Creasy (whom they called "Crazy Creasy") for his handling of the country's problems.[9] The UGCC cable further stated:

"Working Committee United Gold Coast Convention declare they are prepared and ready to take over interim Government. We ask in name of oppressed, inarticulate, misruled and misgoverned people and their Chiefs that Special Commissioner be sent out immediately to hand over Government to interim Government of Chief and People and to witness immediate calling of Constituent Assembly."[13]

The unrest in Accra, and in other towns and cities, would last for five days, during which both Asian and European-owned stores and businesses were looted and more deaths occurred.[14] By 1 March, the Governor had declared a state of emergency and a new Riot Act was put in place.[13]

Aftermath

The British colonial government set up the Watson Commission,[15][16][17] which examined the circumstances of the riots, and paved the way for constitutional changes that eventually culminated in Ghana's independence.

The immediate aftermath of the riots included the arrest on 12 March 1948 of "the Big Six" – Kwame Nkrumah and other leading activists in the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) party (namely Ebenezer Ako-Adjei, Edward Akufo-Addo, J. B. Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey and William Ofori Atta),[18] who were held responsible for orchestrating the disturbances and were detained, before being released a month later. The arrest of the leaders of the UGCC raised the profile of the party around the country and made them national heroes.[19]

The Watson Commission reported that the 1946 constitution was inappropriate from the start, because it did not address the concerns of the natives of the Gold Coast. It also recommended that the Gold Coast be allowed to draft its own constitution. A 40-member committee was set up to draft a constitution, with six representatives of the UGCC. The governor excluded "radicals" such as Kwame Nkrumah, among others, from the constitutional drafting committee for fear of drafting a constitution that would demand absolute independence for the colony.[20]

By 1949, Nkrumah had broken away from the UGCC to form the Convention People's Party (CPP), with the motto "Self-government now", and a campaign of "Positive Action". Nkrumah broke away due to misunderstandings at the leadership front of the UGCC.[19][21] On 6 March 1957, the country achieved its independence and was renamed Ghana, with Nkrumah as its first President.[13]

Notes
  1. AWAM has since become a term synonymous with cheating or profiteering in Ghana.[8]

References
  1. Anter, Tarig (28 February 2012). "Ghana commemorates the 63rd anniversary of the 28 February Christiansborg, Crossroad shooting". 3D Democracy for People Participation in Alternative System. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  2. Howe, Russell Warren (1957). "Gold Coast into Ghana". The Phylon Quarterly. 18 (2): 155–161. doi:10.2307/273187. ISSN 0885-6826. JSTOR 273187.
  3. Nii Kwabena Bonne III (1953). Milestones in the history of the Gold Coast autobiography of Nii Kwabena Bonne III, Osu Alata Mantse, also Nana Owusu Akenten III, Oyokohene of Techiman, Ashanti. Diplomatist Publications. OCLC 835843739.
  4. Quayson, Ato (13 August 2014). Oxford Street, Accra: City Life and the Itineraries of Transnationalism. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7629-3.
  5. "Ghanaians boycott European goods, 1948", Global Nonviolent Action Database, Swarthmore College. Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Ashitey, Nii-Ashitei (28 February 2014). "MARTYRS of X'borg Crossrodas: Sgt. Adjetey, Cpl. Lamptey & Cpl. Attipoe". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  7. Kosi Dedey (8 March 2007). "The "Big Six", Myth or Reality?". Feature article. Ghana Home Page. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  8. Nielson, Daniel (25 November 2015). "Ghanaian Slang". Time Out. Accra.
  9. Ohene, Allan D. (March 2002). "Ghana before Independence". Ghana Review.
  10. Ensor, Michael. "Policeman in Africa by Colin Imray: Review by Michael Ensor (Gold Coast/Ghana 1940-58)". The British Empire. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  11. Imray, Colin. "Imray, Colin Herbert (Oral History)". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  12. Austin, Dennis, 1922- (1961). The Working Committee of the United Gold Coast Convention. University of London, Institute of Commonwealth Studies. OCLC 224008819.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. "The Riots of 28th February 1948", Public Records and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD), Accra.
  14. "Kwame Nkrumah: Africa's 'Man of the Millennium′". Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Danquah Institute.
  15. Rahman, Ahmad A. (2007). "The Watson Commission and the Coussey Committee". The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah. pp. 143–182. doi:10.1057/9780230603486_7. ISBN 978-1-349-52903-2.
  16. "The Tales of June 4 and The 1948 Riots". JusticeGhana. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  17. Okyere, Vincent N. (2000) Ghana. A Historical Survey, Accra, p. 158.
  18. Akansina Aziabah, Maxwell (2011-12-08), "Obetsebi-Lamptey, Emmanuel Odarquaye", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49678, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
  19. Rooney, David (2007-11-15). "SECRETARY OF THE UGCC". Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy. Sub-Saharan Publishers. pp. 52–72. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.9. ISBN 978-9988-647-81-0.
  20. "Colonial Office: Commission of enquiry into disturbances in the Gold Coast (Watson Commission, 1948)".
  21. Bob-Milliar, George M. (2014). Verandah boys versus reactionary lawyers : nationalist activism in Ghana, 1946-1956. WorldCat. OCLC 908249721.
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