2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic

The 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic was an epidemic of the infectious disease dengue fever in several countries of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh,[1] Pakistan,[2] Thailand, Singapore, and Laos.[3] The spread of the disease was exacerbated by falling vaccination levels in certain areas, and by a growing population of mosquitoes, which are the primary carriers of the disease, and which are able to reproduce in larger numbers where humans have littered the environment with plastic containers, which provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. Affected countries have sought to control the epidemic through increased vaccination efforts, and through efforts to control the mosquito population.

Course in specific countries

Bangladesh
Main article: 2019 dengue outbreak in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) unit of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) carried out a survey in Dhaka city in January 2019, where they found both larva and adult Aedes mosquitoes in different parts of the city. Based on the outcome of the survey, in March 2019, warned of a potential outbreak DGHS alerted both city corporations about a possible outbreak in upcoming months. According to CDC director Sanya Tahmina, they also started training the doctors and nurses from February considering the possibility of a future outbreak.[4] The 2019 outbreak in Bangladesh began primarily in April 2019. According to Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), 14 people had died and 19,513 people had been affected by August 2019,[5] a majority of whom were children,[6] with other sources reporting that the death toll had already passed 50.[5] DGHS confirmed the outbreak affecting all districts of the country,[7] with Dhaka being the worst-hit city in the country and districts in Dhaka Division among the most affected regions.[6] The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) expected the outbreak to continue until September 2019.[8] In August 2019, the Bangladesh government withdrew all tariffs on dengue test kits imports.[9]

Malaysia

The Malaysian Ministry of Health reported that by 3 August 2019, the number of cases in Malaysia had reached a record 80,000 on the year, with 113 deaths reported. The highest incidences were in the states of Selangor, the Johor, Kelantan, Sabah, Penang, Sarawak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang, as well as the Federal territories.[10] The Malaysian government sought to counter the epidemic by releasing mosquitoes of the genus Aedes infected with the Wolbachia bacteria, which was expected to reduce the mosquito population.[10]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, in the summer of 2019, more than 47 people died and more than 30,000 were infected by dengue fever, the worst outbreak of the disease in the history of the country.[2][11] In October 2019, Prime Minister Imran Khan took notice of the outbreak and sought a report from the Special Assistant to Prime Minister on National Health Services Zafar Mirza.[12] On 10 October 2019, a Peshawar High Court bench sent summons to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's provincial health secretary to explain the situation related to dengue outbreak in parts of the province.[13]

Philippines

In August 2019, the Philippines declared an epidemic after more than 622 people had died of the disease in that country.[1][14]

The Philippines Department of Health reported that there were over 146,000 dengue fever cases from the beginning of 2019 to 20 July, which was "a 98% increase from the same time period last year".[14] The epidemic occurred in the regions of Calabarzon, Mimaropa, Bicol, Western Visayas, Eastern Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Northern Mindanao.[14] The epidemic was largely blamed on falling vaccination rates, following a series of issues with the Dengvaxia vaccine manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur. In 2017, Sanofi warned of possible adverse effects,[15] and in 2018 the vaccine was blamed for the deaths of children during a national vaccination program.[1]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, dengue fever cases tripled from the previous year, to 88,000 by mid-July, with six deaths.[16] By 19 November, Vietnam had recorded 250,000 cases with 50 deaths. The epidemic is most prevalent in the southern region of the country, where locals store rainwater in containers for use in farming, providing a breeding ground for mosquitoes.[16] In neighboring Laos, dengue fever cases exceeded 11,000 by mid-year, with 27 deaths, prompting the Lao Ministry of Health to recommend that likely mosquito breeding sites should be drained.[3]

Latin America

In Latin America, 2019 was a record-setting dengue fever outbreak, with more than 2.7 million cases and 1206 deaths during the first 10 months of 2019.[17][18]

Other places

In the summer of 2019 an outbreak was confirmed in Oceania. 276 cases and one death were reported in the Marshall Islands, resulting in the government halting travel between the urban centers of Ebeye and Majuro to the outer islands.[19] Outbreakers were also reported in Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, and the Philippines.[20]

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported that the epidemic had affected the French island of Réunion, off the coast of Africa, with "over 15,000 autochthonous confirmed cases" being reported as of mid-2019, including nine deaths.[21] The ECDC expressed concern that Réunion's European tourism industry could provide a vector for the transmission of the virus to Europe. A systematic review that was done by Ahmed et al. revealed the appearance of autochthonous dengue in Europe along with the increase in imported dengue and dengue severity. Therefore, health authorities pay more attention and update the protocols in order to catch dengue infection among travelers coming from and to Europe.[22]

In November 2019, the epidemic struck Yemen, with nearly 8,000 cases in Taiz Governorate before the end of the month.[23]

Statistics
Cases until 15 May 2020
Country and territories 2019
[24][25][26][27]		 2020
[24][25][28][29]		 Total Ref
Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths
 Brazil2,225,461789794,5652213,020,0261,010
 Philippines420,4531,56560,819236481,2721,801
 Vietnam320,7025460,5257381,22761
 Mexico268,45819129,94111298,399202
 Nicaragua186,1733022,9510209,12430
 Colombia127,5538749,56119177,114106
 Malaysia127,40717672,952118200,359294
 Bolivia80,4602368,57019149,03042
 India157,31516612,0788169,393174[30][31]
 Honduras112,70818019,0379131,745189
 Sri Lanka105,0499018,2790123,32890[32][33]
 Thailand98,7411068,1474106,888110[34][35]
 Bangladesh101,3541292710101,625129[36][37]
 Paraguay11,811961,9717373,78282[38][39]
 Cambodia65,000247,823972,82333
 Pakistan54,38695416054,80295[40][41]
 Guatemala50,432663,384453,81670
 Singapore15,9982034,6902850,68848[42]
 Laos38,753707,0311245,78482
 Peru17,1433723,1283240,27169
 El Salvador27,470142,696030,16614
 Argentina3,220025,7642228,98422[43]
 Burma23,20312329623,499123[44]
 Dominican Republic20,183532,875023,05853
 China22,211104022,3150
 Réunion18,188141,248019,43614[45][46]
 Venezuela14,701222,885617,58628
 Ecuador8,44627,388615,8348
Nepal14,662636014,6986[47][48]
 Panama9,22553,029212,2547
 Costa Rica9,40001,568010,9680
 Belize8,302047308,7750
 Jamaica7,5552455818,11325
 Guadeloupe3,23004,60507,8350
 Maldives4,98401,91206,8960[49][50]
 New Caledonia3,91623403,9502
 Sudan3,823113,82311[51]
 Mayotte15303,533163,68616[51]
 French Polynesia3,196043103,6270
 Cuba3,25903,2590
 Marshall Islands1,48311,65923,1423[51]
 Martinique1,530080202,3320
 Australia1,419017401,5930
 Antigua and Barbuda1,223034101,5640
 Saint Martin26001,25011,5101
 United States1,158010701,2650
 Dominica1,06613701,1031
 French Guiana250071909690
 Trinidad and Tobago41602004360
 Suriname86015702430
 Guyana23001002400
 Puerto Rico30011201420
 Aruba1060001060
 Haiti930901020
 Chile38070450[52]
 Barbados44000440
 Bahamas27000270
 Uruguay00140140
 Angola6060120
 Bermuda200020
Total 4,700,522 3,244 1,461,872 686 6,162,394 3,930

See also

References
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