21:9 aspect ratio

"21:9" ("twenty-one by nine") is a consumer electronics (CE) marketing term to describe the ultrawide aspect ratio of 64:27 (2.370:1), designed to show films recorded in CinemaScope and equivalent modern anamorphic formats. The main benefit of this screen aspect ratio, compared to the more common 16:9, is the absence of the black bars at the top and bottom of the screen when viewing content in this format, and a constant display height when displaying other content with a lesser aspect ratio.

The 64:27 aspect ratio of "21:9" is an extension of the existing video aspect ratios 4:3 (SDTV) and 16:9 (HDTV), as it is the third power of 4:3, where 16:9 of traditional HDTV is 4:3 squared. This allows electronic scalers and optical anamorphic lenses to use an easily implementable 4:3 (1.33:1) scaling factor.

${\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{3}}^{1}={\tfrac {4}{3}}=}$ SDTV

${\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{3}}^{2}={\tfrac {4}{3}}\cdot {\tfrac {4}{3}}={\tfrac {16}{9}}=}$ HDTV

${\displaystyle {\tfrac {4}{3}}^{3}={\tfrac {4}{3}}\cdot {\tfrac {4}{3}}\cdot {\tfrac {4}{3}}={\tfrac {64}{27}}=}$ "21:9"

The term "21:9" was chosen as a marketing term, first used by Philips in January 2009.[1] Due to its common denominator, 21:9 is more relatable to 16:9, the aspect ratio of regular HDTVs, rather than the correct 64:27 or 21${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}}$:9. If it actually were 21:9 (2.33:1), the fraction could also be expressed in the reduced form as 7:3, relating to the 4:3 of standard-definition TVs.

As of 2017, this ratio is rarely used in TVs, due to it causing pillarboxing with standard 16:9 content.[2]

It is still prevalent in projection systems, using anamorphic lenses, and supported by a number of consumer electronics devices, including Blu-ray players and video scalers.

It is also used in computer monitors, where the term "21:9" can represent aspect ratios of 43:18 and 12:5 in addition to 64:27. The wider screen provides advantages in multitasking as well as a more immersive gaming experience.[3]

Constant image height

With content of different aspect ratios, adjustments have to be made when showing such content on a display with a fixed aspect ratio. To avoid loss of content (due to cropping) or distortions (due to stretching), horizontal or vertical bars of a uniform color, usually black to make them less noticeable, are added to adjust the image. With the black bars being unnoticed, this has the effect of a changing image image size when switching content aspect ratios.

A 21:9 display allows to present all content up to 'Scope aspect ratios at equal height, with changing vertical bars to the left and right of the image. Note how the large center circle, representing the main image area, remains at a constant size on the 21:9 display, while it changes on the other two depending on the aspect ratio of the content.

	4:3 content	16:9 content	21:9 content
4:3 TV
16:9 TV
21:9 TV

Motion picture film formats and 21:9

The "21:9" digital format's aspect ratio of approx. 2.37:1 is positioned between the classical CinemaScope aspect ratio (1678:715, approx. 2.35:1) and the aspect ratio of modern anamorphic cinematic content (1024:429, approx. 2.39:1), matching both with only a slight deviation.

Standardization

HDMI

As of May 2013, video timings in this 64:27 aspect ratio are supported by the technical specification that defines video timings for the HDMI interface, CTA 861-F:[4]

• 1280×720p, anamorphic pixel aspect ratio of 4:3
• 1680×720p, near-square pixel aspect ratio of 64:63
• 1920×1080p, anamorphic pixel aspect ratio of 4:3
• 2560×1080p, square pixel aspect ratio
• 3840×2160p, anamorphic pixel aspect ratio of 4:3

In November 2016, CTA (formerly CEA) published CTA-861-G[5] with these additional video timings in 64:27, as well as additional frame rates (48 Hz, 100/120 Hz UHD):

• 5120×2160p, square pixel aspect ratio
• 7680×4320p, anamorphic pixel aspect ratio of 4:3
• 10240×4320p, square pixel aspect ratio

All of the above timings are supported at frame rates of 23.97, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 47.95, 48, 50, 59.94, 60, 100, 119.88 and 120 Hz.

Blu-ray

There was an effort, led by Panamorph, to add support for anamorphic video in a 21:9 aspect ratio to the Full HD, 3-D and Ultra HD Blu-ray specifications.[6][7] Eventually, this feature was not included in the final specification.[8][9] Given that Blu-ray Discs include the letterboxing on the image, this effectively means widescreen movies will be shown in a 16:9 space, with black bars on top and bottom. The company Folded Space, also initiated by Panamorph, was working on a proprietary solution, MFE,[10][11] to put anamorphic 21:9 video onto Blu-rays in a way compatible with standard players.

Advanced Blu-ray players, like the Oppo BDP-203/205, can be put into a 21:9 output mode.[12] In this mode, the player has the capability to extract the 21:9 center portion of the movie content of a letterboxed disc, while re-arranging the 16:9 menus and subtitles for 21:9.

Streaming services

Video streaming and download services use a proprietary technical infrastructure, and are not confined to the same strict rules about frame aspect ratios as standardized distribution services (such as broadcast and optical discs). They therefore often encode content as just the active frame, without any aspect ratio adjustment bars (letterbox or pillarbox bars). Movies with a 2.39:1 aspect ratio are a natural match for 21:9 output video timings, as long as the streaming clients support such video modes, and even content with other wide aspect ratios such as 2.00:1 and 2.20:1 are inherently maximizing the use of the output frame on such systems. Amazon Prime Video and YouTube support ultrawide movies/videos, while Tubi TV does not. Netflix has now added support for ultrawide displays when viewing via web browser for recent content.

Consumer devices

Flat panel TV

All Blu-ray Disc content with 1920 horizontal resolution has 1080 vertical resolution, though in the case of widescreen formats wider than 16:9, the image appears on 16:9 displays with letterboxing. Philips' "Cinema 21:9" TV eliminates the black bars by scaling the 1920 horizontal resolution to its full width of 2560 and the 800+ pixels of CinemaScope images (actual pixel counts vary)[13][14] is scaled to 1080 with the black space cropped. The result is an image which fills the screen, but does not provide higher quality due to the use of scaling.[15] Despite the intention being to fill the screen with a non-letterboxed image, the zoom mode can result in some cropping at the edges.[16] Content with the full image at 1920×1080 can be displayed in the center of the screen with pillarboxing, and should the viewer choose to not display CinemaScope content at full width, it appears windowboxed.

Philips

The Philips "Cinema 21:9" TV was the first LCD television of this aspect ratio.[17] The first model launched was a 56-inch screen size, although it was no taller than a conventional 16:9 42-inch television. Models released in 2010 and 2011 had screen sizes of 50 and 58 inches.

Early reviews claimed that it was "one of the coolest TVs" to enter the market for some time.[16] This set was previewed in the UK in advance of its release date of 18 June 2009. Pre-release launch events were held at numerous Philips retailers throughout June 2009.

The online advertising campaign surrounding the Cinema 21:9, titled Carousel, went on to win the most prestigious award in the advertising industry, the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival.[18]

In 2012, Philips stopped production on all its 21:9 televisions due to lack of demand.[19]

Vizio

Vizio has since followed suit with their own Cinema TVs with identical resolution, similarly marketed as "21:9" in the United States.[20][21]

The 58-inch TV with a panel resolution of 2560×1080 has been sold in 2012 and 2013, and has since been discontinued. A planned 50-inch model never made it to market.

LG

LG has a number of monitors with panel resolutions of 2560x1080 (64:27), 3440x1440 (43:18), 3840x1600 (12:5) and 5120x2160 (64:27), the latest being advertised by LG as '5K2K' with a 21:9 aspect ratio.[22]

Other monitor manufacturers, such as Acer, AOC, Asus, BenQ, Dell,[23] HP, Iiyama, Lenovo, MSI, NEC, Philips, Samsung and Viewsonic, have since followed the suit.

At the CES 2014, LG presented the 105UC9,[24] a 105-inch curved LCD TV with a 5120×2160 panel, one of the first two ultrawide 5K screens. LG started selling the TV in early 2015 for approx. $100,000[25] in the U.S., the only ultrawide TV in the market that year.

Samsung

Also at CES 2014, Samsung presented a 105-inch curved LCD TV[26] with 5120×2160 resolution as well, the other first UW5K 21:9 screen.

BOE

Chinese panel manufacturer BOE presented an Ultra-Wide 10K 21:9 TV with a resolution of 10240x4320 (UW10K) at the 2015 Display Week conference.[27]

Front projection

Wide screen projectors with a 16:9 aspect ratio can be converted to 21:9 by attaching a 4/3 horizontal stretch or vertical squeeze anamorphic lens. This will optically scale standard projection images with e.g. 1920×1080 (FullHD) or 3840×2160 (UHD) to a 21:9 aspect ratio. These lenses are manufactured by optical companies like Isco and Zeiss, and provided to the home theater market by companies such as Panamorph.[28]

DIY anamorphic lenses have been made with 2 or 4 triangular prisms.[29]

Besides projectors outfitted with anamorphic lenses, Digital Projection,[30] Projection Design[31] and Avielo[32] have released projectors that utilise 2560x1080 pixels of a 2560×1440 DLP chip with a spherical lens.

Computer monitors

While not primarily intended for cinematic content, computer displays have also made use of this and other wide aspect ratios, marketed as "21:9", to provide expanded desktop space. Common resolutions in the market are listed below:

Resolutions	Aspect ratio
2560×1080, 5120×2160, 7680×3240, 10240×4320	64:27	2.370
3440×1440, 5160×2160, 6880×2880	43:18	2.38
1920×800, 2880×1200, 3840×1600, 4320×1800, 5760×2400, 7680×3200, 8640×3600	12:5	2.4

Smartphones

Note: Technically 21:9 smartphones do not exist because smartphone screens are vertical. However, rotating a smartphone 90 degrees to landscape mode results in a horizontal ratio. 21:9 means that for 21 pixels in the horizontal axis, there are 9 in the vertical axis. 9:21, which is the correct term for smartphones, is the opposite (21 vertical, 9 horizontal).

The LG New Chocolate (BL40) was the first mobile device with a 21:9 aspect ratio, using a 4 inch TFT display.

On February 25, 2019, Sony launched their latest flagship device, the Xperia 1, with the world's first 21:9 ultra-wide 4K HDR-enabled OLED (6.5") display in a smartphone. They have trademarked the name CinemaWide for use in their latest ultra-wide Xperia devices.[33] It is not the first mobile device to use a 21:9 aspect ratio display; that recognition belongs to the LG New Chocolate, released in 2009. It has a 4" TFT display with a resolution of 345×800 pixels. The Samsung Galaxy Fold smartphone/tablet folding hybrid, with its 4.6" Super AMOLED cover display, and the Xperia 10 and 10 Plus are among the first modern devices with ultra-wide displays. Motorola introduced two 21:9 smartphones in 2019, the One Vision in May[34] and the One Action in August,[35] both with a 6.3" FHD+ IPS LCD screen.

Note that both Motorola and Sony chose to use a screen resolution of 2520×1080, rather than the CE resolution of 2560×1080, as defined in CTA-861. This leads to the device to have a "true" 21:9 (7:3) Aspect Ratio, rather than the normal CE aspect ratio of 64:27. The Xperia 1 also has an odd aspect ratio of 320:137, and would have been able to meet 64:27 with a more even resolution of 3840×1620. Sony does not adhere to consumer standards, as with their home theater projectors that feature a 4096×2160 4K resolution, rather than the CE resolution of 3840×2160.[36] 4096×2160 is a resolution only relevant in digital cinema (DCI), where movie theater projectors feature this resolution with either letterboxed 4096×1716 or pillarboxed 3996×2160 content for "Scope" (2.39:1) and "Flat" (1.85:1) aspect ratios, respectively. The full panel aspect ratio of 256:135 is unfit for normal consumer content with a 16:9 container aspect ratio.

Device	Display specs and resolution	Pixel density	Screen-body ratio	Date announced	Notes
LG New Chocolate (BL40)	4 inch HVGA TFT LCD (345 × 800)	217 ppi	57.7%	August 3, 2009
Sony Xperia 1	6.5 inch 4K HDR OLED (1644 × 3840)	643 ppi	82%	February 25, 2019
Sony Xperia 10	6.0 inch Full HD+ IPS LCD (1080 × 2520)	457 ppi	79.3%
Sony Xperia 10 Plus	6.5 inch Full HD+ IPS LCD (1080 × 2520)	422 ppi	81%
Sony Xperia 5	6.1 inch Full HD+ HDR OLED (1080 × 2520)	449 ppi	80.9%	September 5, 2019
Sony Xperia L4	6.2 inch HD+ IPS LCD (720 × 1680)	295 ppi	79.5%	February 20, 2020
Sony Xperia 10 II	6.0 inch Full HD+ OLED (1080 × 2520)	457 ppi	77.6%	February 24, 2020
Sony Xperia 1 II	6.5 inch 4K HDR OLED (1644 × 3840)	643 ppi	84%
Sony Xperia Pro			76%
Sony Xperia 5 II	6.1 inch 120 Hz Full HD+ HDR OLED (1080 × 2520)	449 ppi	80.9%	September 17, 2020
Motorola One Vision	6.3 inch Full HD+ LTPS IPS LCD (1080 × 2520)	435 ppi	82.5%	May 15, 2019
Motorola One Action				August 15, 2019
Motorola One 5G	6.7 inch 90 Hz Full HD+ HDR LTPS IPS LCD (1080 × 2520)	409 ppi	84.3%	August 31, 2020
Motorola Razr (2020)	6.2 inch HD+ P-OLED (876 × 2142)	373 ppi	70.7%	November 14, 2019	Internal display only, actual aspect ratio is 22:9
Motorola Edge S	6.7 inch 90 Hz Full HD+ IPS LCD (1080 × 2520)	409 ppi	84.1%	January 26, 2021
Samsung Galaxy Fold	4.6 inch HD+ Super AMOLED (720 × 1680)	397 ppi	48.8%	February 20, 2019	External display only
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip	6.7 inch Full HD+ Dynamic AMOLED (1080 × 2636)	425 ppi	82.4%	February 11, 2020	Internal display only, actual aspect ratio is 22:9
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2	6.2 inch HD+ Super AMOLED (816 × 2260)	386 ppi	73.2%	August 5, 2020	External display only, actual aspect ratio is 25:9

See also

• Display aspect ratio
• Ultrawide formats

References

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External links

• Philips UK