31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade

The 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade (31 AA Bde) was an air defence formation of Britain's Territorial Army from 1936 until 1948. During World War II it defended West Yorkshire and later participated in the North West Europe campaign.

31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade
57 Anti-Aircraft Brigade
Active1 November 1936–9 September 1948
Country United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Army
TypeAnti-Aircraft Brigade
RoleAir Defence
Part of2nd AA Division
7th AA Division
10th AA Division
5 AA Group
21st Army Group
Garrison/HQRetford
York
Tadcaster
Immingham
EngagementsThe Blitz
North West Europe campaign

Origins

The formation was raised as 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group on 1 November 1936 at Retford forming part of 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division. Its initial order of battle was as follows:[1][2]

Brigadier Frederick Hyland, MC, was appointed to command 31 AA Brigade at the time of its creation on 1 November 1936. He was promoted to Major-General and took command of the new 6 AA Division on 30 May 1939. By then the brigade's HQ was at 7 Park Street, York.[5][6][7][8]

In 1938 the RA replaced its traditional unit designation 'Brigade' by the modern 'Regiment', which allowed the 'AA Groups' to take the more usual formation title of 'Brigades'. Anti-Aircraft Command was formed in April 1939 to control all the TA's AA units and formations. 31st AA Bde transferred to the new 7th Anti-Aircraft Division when that was formed in Newcastle in June 1939.[9][10] As AA Command continued to expand, existing units moved to other brigades and were replaced by newly formed units.

World War II

Mobilisation

On the outbreak of war 31 AA Bde was based at York and was mobilised to defend West Yorkshire, with the following order of battle:[9][11][12]

On 23 September 1939, responsibility for the Humber Gun Zone (including 30 HAA guns manned by 62nd (Northumbrian) and 91st HAA Rgts) was transferred to 31 AA Bde from 39 AA Bde but reverted to 39 AA Bde and 2 AA Division in May 1940.[15][16]

During the Phoney War period, AA Command was desperate for men and equipment to meet its huge commitments. When the War Office released the first intakes of Militiamen to the Command in early 1940, most were found to be in low physical categories and without training. 31 AA Bde reported that out of 1000 recruits sent for duty, '50 had to be discharged immediately because of serious medical defects, another 20 were judged to be mentally deficient and a further 18 were unfit to do any manual labour such as lifting ammunition'.[17] Fitness and training was greatly improved by the time Britain's AA defences were seriously tested during the Battle of Britain and Blitz.

In 1940, RA regiments equipped with 3-inch or 3.7-inch AA guns were designated Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) to distinguish them from the new Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) regiments, and RE AA battalions were transferred to the RA and designated Searchlight regiments.

Battle of Britain and Blitz

During The Blitz, 31 AA Bde remained responsible for AA defence of the West Yorkshire towns and cities, and was transferred to a new 10th AA Division (covering Yorkshire and northern Lincolnshire) on 1 November 1940. At this period it was composed of LAA and S/L units, but HAA units rejoined later.

Order of Battle 1940–41
Formation sign of 10 AA Division, worn 1940–42

31 AA Brigade's composition during the Blitz was as follows:[18][19][20][21][22]

Mid-War

The Blitz is held to have ended in mid-May 1941, but periodic raids continued against the industrial towns of Northern England. On 28 April 1942 the Luftwaffe carried out one of its so-called Baedeker raids very accurately on York.[35][36][37]

On 30 September 1942 the AA Divisions and Corps were dissolved and a new 5 AA Group assumed responsibility for North-East England, including 31 AA Bde.[18][38] Newly-formed AA units joined the brigade, the HAA units increasingly being 'mixed' ones into which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated. At the same time, experienced units were posted away for service overseas.

Order of Battle 1941–43
AA Command formation sign worn by all units from October 1942

During this period the brigade was composed as follows (temporary attachments omitted):[22][39][40][41][42]

  • 12th HAA Rgt – from War Office (WO) Reserve August 1942'[43][44]
    • 4, 18, 203, 249 HAA Btys
  • 128th HAA Rgt – from 62 AA Bde August 1942; to 2 AA Group November 1942'
    • 287, 309, 407, 436 HAA Btys
  • 182nd (Mixed) HAA Rgt – new regiment formed October 1942;[29] to 57 AA Bde May 1943
    • 588, 592, 594 (M) HAA Btys
    • 615 (M) HAA Rgt - joined March 1943
  • 71st LAA Rgt – to 65 AA Bde June 1942'
    • 192 LAA Bty – from 64th LAA Rgt Autumn 1941; to 134th LAA Rgt April 1942
    • 210, 211, 262 LAA Btys
    • 464 LAA Bty – new battery joined February 1942
  • 114th LAA Rgt – from 4 AA Division May 1942; left form mobile training October 1942[45][46]
    • 372, 373, 374, 375 LAA Btys
  • 142nd LAA Rgt – new regiment formed October 1942;[29] to 50 AA Bde April 1943
    • 374 LAA Bty – from 114th LAA Rgt
    • 398, 465, 483 LAA Btys
  • 30th (Surrey) S/L Rgt – from 5 AA Division October 1941; to 11 AA Division January 1942[47][48][49]
    • 318, 323, 567 S/L Btys
  • 41st (5th North Staffordshire Regiment) S/L Rgt – from 57 AA Bde May 1943
    • 363, 364, 365 S/L Btys
  • 42nd (Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) S/L Rgt – from 57 AA Bde May 1943
    • 366, 367, 368, 569 S/L Btys
  • 43rd S/L Rgt – to 32 (Midland) AA Bde March 1943
    • 370, 372, 373 S/L Btys
    • 371 S/L Bty – to 60th S/L Rgt January 1942
  • 49th S/L Rgt
    • 395, 396, 398 S/L Btys
    • 397 S/L Bty – to 63rd S/L Rgt January 1942
  • 54th (1/5th DLI) S/L Rgt
  • 17 AA 'Z' Regiment – new regiment equipped with Z Battery rocket projectiles formed October 1942;[29] to 57 AA Bde May 1943
    • 170, 206, 207, 212 AA 'Z' Btys
    • 225 AA 'Z' Bty – joined January 1943

Order of Battle 1943–44

By August 1943, 31 AA Bde was a purely searchlight formation, with the following order of battle:[50]

  • 41st (5NSR) S/L Rgt – as above
  • 42nd (Robin Hoods) S/L Rgt
    • 366, 367, 368 S/L Btys
    • 369 S/L Boy – disbanded February 1944[51]
  • 49th (WYR) S/L Rgt – as above
  • 54th (1/5th DLI) S/L Rgt – as above

North West Europe
21st Army Group formation sign

Early in 1944, 31 AA Bde under the command of Brigadier E. Coley was earmarked for overseas service with 21st Army Group in Operation Overlord. Between training, field force AA units were loaned back to AA Command, and 31 AA Bde retained its responsibilities under 5 AA Group. At the time the brigade was headquartered at Tadcaster, later at nearby Newton Kyme, in North Yorkshire as part of 5 AA Group with the following searchlight units under command:[51][52]

The regiments re-equipped their AA LMG sections with twin Browning machine guns and carried out 'Bullseye' exercises over North East England with the Night fighters of No. 264 Squadron RAF. On 15 April, 41 S/L Rgt received orders to mobilise for overseas service, followed on 1 June by 31 Bde HQ and 42 and 58 S/L Rgts. 31 Brigade HQ moved to its concentration area at Addlestone in Surrey and came under the orders of 21st Army Group on 21 June (D + 15).[53][54][55] However, embarkation would not follow for several months, during which the HQ staff had to undergo three weeks of Battle Training at Perranporth in Cornwall, and then run S/L training in Wiltshire.[56]

No. 85 Group RAF was responsible for night-fighter cover of the beachhead and bases in Normandy, and was keen to have searchlight assistance in the same way as Fighter Command had in the UK. A detailed plan was made in advance to have a belt of S/L positions deployed from Caen to the Cherbourg peninsula. This required nine S/L batteries of 24 lights, spaced at 6000 yard intervals, six rows deep. Each battery area was to have an orbit beacon, around which up to four fighters would be positioned at varying heights. These would be allocated by fighter controllers, and the S/Ls would assist by illuminating targets and indicating raid approaches, while area boundaries would be marked by vertical S/Ls. Six S/L regiments were specially trained for this work under 31 and 50 AA Bdes. In practice, most of this was never implemented, liaison with the US Army units around Cherbourg having proved problematical. In the end, only 41 S/L Regt and the Royal Corps of Signals section of 42 S/L Rgt deployed along the western part of the layout planned by 85 Group, and came under US command. Later they deployed along the River Seine[57][58]

The Brigade HQ finally landed at Arromanches on 2 October, and was not allocated an operational role.[59][60] The brigade proceeded to Brussels, where it was given the task of setting up a practice camp for training operators on the new Mk VIII centimetric Searchlight Control (SLC or 'Elsie') radar. It was also ordered to begin trials on SLC radar for tracking enemy mortar fire.[59][61][62] 41 S/L regiment had been detached from the brigade and was employed in the 'Anti-Diver' role against V-1 flying bombs heading towards Antwerp, while 42 S/L Rgt was under US command in Antwerp itself, and 54 S/L Rgt was still training in England. This meant that apart from its Signals and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers sections, the only troops under the brigade's command were a detachment of 41 S/L Rgt personnel attached for the counter-mortar trials. On 18 November a premature explosion while firing a captured German 81 mm mortar killed 5 men (including 3 from 41 S/L) and wounded four men of 41 S/L. Lieutenant Gilbert Rabbetts of 41 S/L 'acted with great gallantry, rapidly removing wounded to hospital, though himself badly wounded' and was later awarded the MBE.[59][63]

Early in 1945, in preparation for the forthcoming offensive in the Klever Reichswald (Operation Veritable), 31 AA Bde carried out experiments in Belgium to optimise 'artificial moonlight' techniques whereby S/L units provided lighting for night movement of ground troops, for floodlighting their objectives and for dazzling the defenders.[64]

HQ 31 AA Bde remained with Second Army until the end of the war in Europe.[65] In April 1945 it was commanding the occupation troops and coast defences of the Friesland area, with 64 (Northumbrian) HAA Regt (recently returned from supporting operations on the Yugoslav coast) under command as infantry.[66]

Postwar

When the TA was reformed in 1947, 31 AA Bde was renumbered as 57 AA Bde,[lower-alpha 1] with its HQ at Immingham, and the following order of battle:[1][67][68]

However, the brigade was disbanded by 27 September 1948.[1]

AA Command was disbanded and the air defence of the UK was reorganised in 1955. A new 31 AA Bde was formed as a TA HQ from the Regular Army's 8 AA Bde, based at Gosforth. It was disbanded in 1961.[1][67]

Footnotes
  1. The TA AA brigades were now numbered 51 and upwards, rather than 26 and upwards as in the 1930s; the wartime 57 AA Bde was disbanded in 1945.

Notes
  1. Frederick, pp. 1048–50.
  2. "2nd AA Division at British Military History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  3. Litchfield, p. 268.
  4. 43 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45.
  5. Army List, May 1939.
  6. Robert Palmer, 'AA Command History and Personnel' at British Military History.
  7. Farndale, Annex J.
  8. Hyland at Generals of World War II.
  9. "7 AA Division 1940 at British Military History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  10. Routledge, Table LVIII, p. 376.
  11. AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files
  12. Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
  13. 66 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45
  14. 49 SL Rgt at RA 39–45
  15. 39 AA Bde War Diary 1939–41,TNA file WO 166/2272.
  16. 91 HAA Rgt War Diary 1939–41, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 166/2382.
  17. Routledge, p. 374.
  18. "10 AA Division 1940 at British Military History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  19. Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.
  20. Farndale, Annex D, pp. 257–9.
  21. 10 AA Division 1940 at RA 39–45.
  22. Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/79.
  23. Litchfield, p. 54.
  24. "87 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
  25. Routledge, Table XXIII, p. 161.
  26. Joslen, p. 484.
  27. Litchfield, p. 269.
  28. 38 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
  29. Farndale, Annex M.
  30. 71 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
  31. Litchfield, p. 259.
  32. 49 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45.
  33. Litchfield, p. 57.
  34. 54 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45.
  35. Pile's despatch.
  36. Collier, Chapter XX.
  37. Collier, Appendix XXXVII.
  38. "AA Command 1940 at British Military History". Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  39. Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/80.
  40. Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81.
  41. Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82.
  42. Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 13 March 1943, TNA file WO 212/83.
  43. "12 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
  44. Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional Units), 25 March 1941, TNA file WO 212/5.
  45. "114 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45".
  46. 114 LAA Rgt War Diary 1942, TNA file WO 166/7700.
  47. Litchfield, p. 226.
  48. 30 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45.
  49. 30 Searchlight Regiment War Diary, 24 August 1939 – 31 December 1941, TNA War Office file WO 166/3044.
  50. Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, TNA file WO 212/84.
  51. 31 AA Bde War Diary, February 1944, TNA file WO 171/1080.
  52. Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, TNA file WO 212/85.
  53. 31 AA Bde War Diary, February–June 1944, TNA file WO 171/1080.
  54. 41 S/L Rgt War Diary, April 1944, TNA file WO 166/14873.
  55. Routledge, Table XLIX, p 319.
  56. 31 AA Bde War Diary, April–October 1944, TNA file WO 171/1080.
  57. Routledge, pp. 304, 316.
  58. 41 S/L Rgt War Diary, September–October 1944, TNA file WO 171/1203.
  59. 31 AA Bde War Diary, October 1944, TNA file WO 171/1080.
  60. Routledge, p. 337.
  61. Sayer, pp. 88–90.
  62. Ellis, Vol I, Appendix IV Part VI.
  63. London Gazette, 20 April 1945.
  64. Routledge, p. 350.
  65. Ellis, Vol II, Appendix IV.
  66. Routledge, pp. 288–90; Table LVII, p. 366.
  67. AA Bdes 30–66 at British Army units 1945 on.
  68. Territorial Army 1947 at Orbat.com Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  69. 444–473 Regiments at British Army units 1945 on.
  70. 474–519 Regiments at British Army units 1945 on.
  71. 564–591 Regiments at British Army units 1945 on. Archived 2016-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
  72. 520–563 Regiments at British Army units 1945 on.
  73. Litchfield, p. 143.
  74. Litchfield, p. 144.

References

External sources
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