385446 Manwë

385446 Manwë [ˈmanwɛ] is a binary resonant Kuiper belt object in a 4:7 mean-motion resonance with Neptune.[6] It was discovered on 25 August 2003, by American astronomer Marc Buie at Cerro Tololo Observatory in northern Chile.[2] A study of Manwë's light curve in 2019 suggests that it may be a contact binary object.[4]

385446 Manwë
Hubble Space Telescope image of Manwë and Thorondor, taken in 2013
Discovery [1]
Discovered byM. W. Buie
Discovery siteCerro Tololo Obs.
Discovery date25 August 2003
Designations
(385446) Manwë
Pronunciation[ˈmanwɛ]
Named after
Manwë
(fictional character)[2]
2003 QW111
TNO [1]
4:7 resonance [3]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 4
Observation arc10.24 yr (3,740 days)
Aphelion48.569 AU
Perihelion38.917 AU
43.743 AU
Eccentricity0.11032
289.32 yr (105,081 days)
280.469°
0° 0m 12.24s / day
Inclination2.667°
68.428°
19.632°
Known satellites1 (Thorondor [θɔˈrɔndɔr])
Physical characteristics
Dimensions150 km (volume equivalent for Manwë)[4]
108 km (Thorondor)[5]
Mass1.41×1018 kg (Manwë)[4]
5×1017 kg (Thorondor)
Mean density
~0.8 g/cm3
11.8819±0.00005 h (Manwë)[4]
309.3 d (Thorondor)[4]
27° (relative to ecliptic)[4]
12.5° (relative to orbit)[4]
0.06 (Manwë)
0.09 (Thorondor)
B−V = 1.07±0.09
V−R = 0.61±0.06
R−I = 0.61±0.04[5]
6.5[1]
7.15 (combined)[5]

    Discovery and naming

    Manwë was discovered on 25 August 2003 by M. W. Buie at Cerro Tololo as a part of the Deep Ecliptic Survey.[1] The object was named after Manwë, the fictional king of the Valar in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Manwë is foremost among the great spirits who rule the world. Manwë takes special responsibility for the air and winds. Thorondor is the Lord of Eagles in the First Age in Tolkien's writing.[1]

    Physical properties

    Manwë has significant and irregular photometric variability, demonstrating that its components are not tidally locked. The surfaces of Manwë and Thorondor appear to be very red.[5] The composition of Manwë is unknown but likely to be mostly ice, because the nominal density (with large uncertainty) is less than that of water.[5] At least one other Kuiper belt object, (55637) 2002 UX25, has been found with a density of less than 1 g/cm3, which implies an object made mostly of ice with a low rock fraction and high porosity.[7]

    Orbit

    Manwë orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 43.7 AU (6.54×109 km), taking 289 years to complete a full orbit.[1] Manwë has a low orbital inclination of 2.6 degrees. Its orbit is elongated, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.11. Due to its eccentric orbit, Manwë's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its orbit, approaching 38.9 AU at perihelion and 48.6 AU at aphelion.[1]

    Satellite

    Physical characteristics

    Being part of a binary system, Manwë has one known companion named Thorondor, formally designated (385446) Manwë I Thorondor. It is estimated to be about two-thirds the size of the primary, approximately 108 km (67 mi) for a volume equivalent diameter.[4] The rotation period of Thorondor is uncertain, though a best-fit model suggests a very slow rotation period of 309.3 days.[4] Thorondor's rotation is expected to be chaotic like Pluto's smaller moons, as a result of gravitational torquing by Manwë over the course of their eccentric mutual orbit.[4] Thorondor's light curve has considerable photometric variability, with the relative magnitude of the two objects measured variously from 0.6–2.1 over the course of a few years.[5] This implies that Thorondor could have a very flattened shape, akin to the larger lobe of the contact binary Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth.[4] Assuming a ellipsoid shape for Thorondor, a best-fit model for its shape suggests the aspect ratios of a/c = 7.33 and b/c = 6.67.[4]

    Orbit

    The satellite's orbit has the following parameters: semi-major-axis, 6674 ± 41 km; period, 110.176 ± 0.018 days; eccentricity, 0.5632 ± 0.0070; and inclination, 25.58 ± 0.23°. The total system mass is about 1.94 × 1018 kg.[5]

    Mutual events

    Manwë and Thorondor were expected to go through a period of mutual occultations and transits from 2014–2018, where one object crosses in front of the other as seen from Earth. Pluto and Charon went through a similar series of mutual events from 1985–1990. Observations of these events could allow for better estimates of the radii of the two objects and their densities, as well as possibly determining their shapes and mapping surface color and albedo features. The first event, an inferior occultation, is predicted for 2014 July 16, and they continue until 2018 October 25.[5][8]

    The actual observations revealed none of the four predicted occultations, likely due error measuring orbital period of Thorondor, although photometry data gathered during observation campaign have allowed to determine Manwë is highly bilobate contact binary, likely surrounded by rapidly orbiting moonlets besides Thorondor.[4]

    References
    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 385446 Manwe (2003 QW111)" (2013-11-20 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    2. "385446 Manwe (2003 QW111)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    3. Buie, Marc W. "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 385446". SwRI (Space Science Department). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
    4. Rabinowitz, David L.; Benecchi, Susan D.; Grundy, William M.; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Thirouin, Audrey (November 2019). "The Complex Rotational Light Curve of (385446) Manwë-Thorondor, a Multi-Component Eclipsing System in the Kuiper Belt". arXiv:1911.08546 [astro-ph.EP].
    5. Grundy, W.M.; Benecchi, S.D.; Porter, S.B.; Noll, K.S. (2014). "The Orbit of Transneptunian Binary Manwë and Thorondor and their Upcoming Mutual Events". Icarus. 237: 1–8. arXiv:1404.4393. Bibcode:2014Icar..237....1G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.021.
    6. Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(385446) Manwe and Thorondor". Asteroids with Satellites Database—Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
    7. Brown, M. E. (2013). "The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 778 (2): L34. arXiv:1311.0553. Bibcode:2013ApJ...778L..34B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/l34.
    8. Grundy, Will. "Manwë - Thorondor Mutual Events". Retrieved 1 August 2018 – via Lowell Observatory.

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