4899 Candace

4899 Candace, provisional designation 1988 JU, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 May 1988, by astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after American chemist Candace Kohl.[2][3]

4899 Candace
Discovery [1]
Discovered byC. Shoemaker
E. M. Shoemaker
Discovery sitePalomar Obs.
Discovery date9 May 1988
Designations
(4899) Candace
Named after
Candace P. Kohl [2][3]
(American chemist)
1988 JU · 1952 QL1
1977 EZ1 · 1977 FK1
main-belt · (inner)
Phocaea [4] · background [5]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc40.31 yr (14,724 days)
Aphelion2.8121 AU
Perihelion1.9324 AU
2.3722 AU
Eccentricity0.1854
3.65 yr (1,335 days)
331.34°
0° 16m 11.28s / day
Inclination22.564°
190.20°
74.203°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions6.205±0.030 km[6]
6.526±0.107 km[7]
7.63 km (calculated)[4]
7.80±1.80 km[8]
8.56±0.66 km[9]
40.7 h[lower-alpha 1]
0.087±0.014[9]
0.23±0.09[8]
0.293±0.045[7]
0.4213±0.0617[6]
S (assumed)[4]
12.6[6] · 12.8[4] · 12.90[1][8] · 13.36±0.51[10] · 13.60[9]

    Orbit and classification

    Candace is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population based on the hierarchical clustering method.[5] It has also been considered a member of the Phocaea family (701).[4] It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,335 days; semi-major axis of 2.37 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic.[1]

    The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1952 QL1 at Palomar in August 1952, or 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.[2]

    Physical characteristics

    Candace is an assumed stony S-type asteroid.[4]

    Rotation period

    In April 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Candace was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 40.7 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).[lower-alpha 1]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Candace measures between 6.205 and 8.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.087 and 0.4213.[6][7][8][9]

    The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony members of the Phocaea family of 0.23 and calculates a diameter of 7.63 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8.[4]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after American chemist Candace P. Kohl, who has been investigating ancient solar activity through analysis of nuclides in lunar rocks. She has also contributed in the development of dating techniques of cosmic-ray-produced nuclides in Earth surface materials. She is known for her popular astronomy lectures. Citation provided by Kunihiko Nishiizumi (also see 4898 Nishiizumi) at the request of the discoverers.[2][3][11] The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 12 July 1995 (M.P.C. 25443).[12]

    Notes
    1. Pravec (2011) web: rotation period 40.7 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 mag. (CarbH, Modra, Ondr. Observatories; Kusnirak, Pravec) Quality Code of 2. Ondrejov Asteroid Photometry Project. Summary figures at Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) for (4899) Candace and Pravec, P.; Wolf, M.; Sarounova, L. (2007), (data)

    References
    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4899 Candace (1988 JU)" (2017-07-05 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
    2. "4899 Candace (1988 JU)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(4899) Candace". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (4899) Candace. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 422. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4790. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "LCDB Data for (4899) Candace". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 7 January 2018.
    5. "Asteroid 4899 Candace – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
    6. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    7. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    8. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; et al. (December 2015). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 814 (2): 13. arXiv:1509.02522. Bibcode:2015ApJ...814..117N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
    9. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 17 October 2019. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    10. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
    11. Solar Eclipse Newsletter, May 2003, Vol. 8, Issue 5, p.3
    12. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 7 January 2018.

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