Abe Okpik

Abraham "Abe" Okpik,[1] CM[2] (12 January 1928 – 10 July 1997[3]) was an Inuit community leader in Canada. He was instrumental in helping Inuit obtain surnames rather than disc numbers as a form of government identification. He was also the first Inuk to sit on what is now the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories[1] and worked with Thomas Berger.

Abe Okpik
Auktalik
Okpik in April 1964
Born12 January 1928
Mackenzie Delta area, Northwest Territories
Died10 July 1997(1997-07-10) (aged 69)
Iqaluit, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut)
OccupationInuit community leader

Early life

Okpik, an Inuvialuit, was born January 12, 1928 in the Mackenzie Delta area of the Northwest Territories, near Aklavik at a summer fishing camp. Prior to selecting the name Abraham Okpik he was known as Auktalik, meaning man with a mole.[4][5] He selected Abraham, a biblical reference, as his first name and Okpik, a name used in his family over several generations meaning willow, as his surname.[6]

Okpik learned English as a student at All Saints Indian Residential School in Aklavik.[5] At the age of 16, Okpik contracted tuberculosis and was sent to the Charles Camsell Hospital in Edmonton. He remained in the hospital for three years where he further improved his English, which eventually led to a job as a translator with the Distant Early Warning Line.[5] Although he was permanently injured by his dog sled he was still able to hunt and trap.

1960s

By the 1960s, Okpik was living in what was then called Frobisher Bay, now Iqaluit. He was working at Apex, the subdivision where most Inuit lived in the town's early days, at the rehabilitation centre. He was later to work for Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND) as an administrator.

In 1965 Okpik was appointed to the Northwest Territories Council (5th Northwest Territories Legislative Council). At that time most of the council were from Ottawa. Okpik's role on the council was to serve as a representative for the Inuit population resident in the eastern arctic.[7] He attended his first council meeting on February 4, 1966. He began in his native language before transitioning to fluent English to advocate for a higher standard of living in the North arguing Inuit "must have a voice in development."[5] He was not re-appointed to council after Simonie Michael was elected to the council in 1966. The government of Canada felt that Michael would serve Okpik's intended role and gave his seat to Chief John Tetlichi, the first status Indian to serve on council.[7]

Project Surname
Main article: disc numbers

Beginning the 1940s, the Government of Canada used "disc numbers", similar to dog tags, to identify people.[8] They were deemed necessary to facilitate the distribution of family allowances due to the absence of surnames within Inuit communities and the frequency of name changes over the course of a person's life.[4] In the mid-1960s the Northwest Territories Council undertook to replace the disc numbers with last names under Project Surname.[8] Okpik, whose disc number was "W3-554", was picked to head the project.[6]

From 1968 until 1971 Okpik visited every community, as well as many traditional campsites, in the Northwest Territories and what is now Nunavut and Nunavik in northern Quebec.[9] In total he visited 55 settlements, travelling by plane, snowmobile, boat and snowshoe.[5] At each visit Okpik would record a person's name, explaining the necessity of having a first and last name.[8] Pamela R. Stern points out that while it may have been expected that cultural naming practices be accommodated, "Okpik employed a standard Euro-Canadian naming pattern that assumed a nuclear family with a male head-of-household." As a result, it was mostly men who selected a surname that was in turn extended to the whole family.[10] At the end of the project Okpik returned home to his wife and three children in Frobisher Bay where he worked as a teacher at Frobisher Bay School.[4]

The Berger Commission

In 1974, the Government of Canada commissioned Thomas Berger to head the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry. The inquiry lasted longer and travelled further than was expected, through 35 northern communities,[11] and Okpik accompanied Berger as both an interpreter and broadcaster.

Order of Canada

In recognition of Okpik's work with the "Berger Commission", on the NWT Council and for "Project Surname" he was made a "Member of the Order of Canada". The appointment was made 15 December 1976 with the investiture 20 April 1977.

Later life and death

In 1979 he returned to Iqaluit but had spent time on Banks Island and in Spence Bay, now Taloyoak.

Okpik spent the rest of his life in Iqaluit and was an elected member of the town council on several occasions. He also served on several volunteer organisations and committees. Okpik died in Iqaluit 10 July 1997 after an illness and his funeral service was held in St. Jude's Cathedral 15 July.

The "Abe Okpik Hall" in Apex[12] is named for him. The former mayor of Iqaluit, Jimmy Kilabuk, had a mural painted on the side of his home in 1998 that included Okpik.[13]

References
  1. "Arctic residents say farewell to the humble name-giver". Archived from the original on 2014-04-15. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  2. Order of Canada citation
  3. Abe Okpik on Tamapta, an InuvialuitTelevision program on YouTube interview starts at 20:48
  4. Hillinger, Charles (22 April 1972). "Eskimos Pick 2nd Names to Replace Tags". Los Angeles Times. p. A14.
  5. Walz, Jay (6 February 1966). "An Eskimo Joins Canadian Council: New Legislator Presses for Development of North". New York Times. p. 30.
  6. "The government has ordered Canada's 13,000 Eskimos to adopt new names". Toronto Star. 6 May 1972. p. 21.
  7. "N.W.T. Seat to Barber". Vol LVIII No 263. The Leader Post. November 10, 1967. p. 4.
  8. "Glossary: Disc number". Katilvik.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  9. Hanson, Ann Meekitjuk. "Nunavut 99 - What's In A Name? Names, as well as events, mark the road to Nunavut". Nunavut.com. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
  10. Stern, Pamela R. (2010). Daily Life of the Inuit. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN 9780313363122. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  11. Natives Speak Out Archived October 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ""Iqaluit this week" [[Nunatsiaq News]] December 23, 2005". Archived from the original on November 21, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  13. "Community group sponsors public art in Nunavut's capital Nunatsiaq News July 16, 1998". Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
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