Abel's summation formula
In mathematics, Abel's summation formula, introduced by Niels Henrik Abel, is intensively used in number theory and the study of special functions to compute series.
Formula
Let be a sequence of real or complex numbers. Define the partial sum function by
for any real number . Fix real numbers , and let be a continuously differentiable function on . Then:
The formula is derived by applying integration by parts for a Riemann–Stieltjes integral to the functions and .
Variations
Taking the left endpoint to be gives the formula
If the sequence is indexed starting at , then we may formally define . The previous formula becomes
A common way to apply Abel's summation formula is to take the limit of one of these formulas as . The resulting formulas are
These equations hold whenever both limits on the right-hand side exist and are finite.
A particularly useful case is the sequence for all . In this case, . For this sequence, Abel's summation formula simplifies to
Similarly, for the sequence and for all , the formula becomes
Upon taking the limit as , we find
assuming that both terms on the right-hand side exist and are finite.
Abel's summation formula can be generalized to the case where is only assumed to be continuous if the integral is interpreted as a Riemann–Stieltjes integral:
By taking to be the partial sum function associated to some sequence, this leads to the summation by parts formula.
Examples
Representation of Riemann's zeta function
Fix a complex number . If for and then and the formula becomes
If , then the limit as exists and yields the formula
This may be used to derive Dirichlet's theorem that has a simple pole with residue 1 at s = 1.
Reciprocal of Riemann zeta function
The technique of the previous example may also be applied to other Dirichlet series. If is the Möbius function and , then is Mertens function and
This formula holds for .
See also
References
- Apostol, Tom (1976), Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag.