Adams Seamount

Adams Seamount (also known as Forty Mile Reef[2]) is a submarine volcano above the Pitcairn hotspot in the central Pacific Ocean about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of Pitcairn Island.

Adams Seamount, Forty Mile Reef
Summit depth39 m (128 ft)[1]
Height3,500 m (11,500 ft)
Location
LocationPacific Ocean, SW of Pitcairn Island
Coordinates25°22′S 129°16′W
Geology
Last eruption50 BCE ± 1000 years

Geography and geomorphology

Adams is part of a field of about 90 seamounts 90 kilometres (56 mi) east-southeast away from Pitcairn Island, and the largest of these.[3] Adams lies southeast of another large seamount, Bounty Seamount.[4] Most of these seamounts except for Adams and Bounty are less than 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) high.[5] They were discovered in 1989 by the RV Sonne research ship.[6]

It is a conical[7] seamount rising 3,500 metres (11,483 ft) from the sea floor to about 39 metres (128 ft)[1] or 59–75 metres (194–246 ft) below the surface of the ocean.[2] The total volume of the seamount, whose base has a diameter of about 30 kilometres (19 mi), is about 858 cubic kilometres (206 cu mi).[8] Adams has two summits,[9] and coral and sand derived from coral has been found on Adams.[5] Given its height, during the last glacial maximum Adams was likely an island.[10]

Its slopes are covered by recent lava flows, volcanic debris and hyaloclastite.[9] Lava flows feature aa lava characteristics and lava tubes, while deeper parts of the edifice are covered with lapilli and scoria.[11] Parasitic vents form cones and mounds on its flanks.[12]

Geology

Adams and the other seamounts were created by the Pitcairn hotspot, and these seamounts are its present-day location.[3] This hotspot is one among several hotspots in the Pacific Ocean, along with the Austral hotspot, Hawaii hotspot, Louisville hotspot, Samoa hotspot and Society hotspot.[6] The seamounts rise from a 30 million years old crust.[13]

Alkali basalt, trachyte[9] and tholeiite have been dredged from Adams Seamount.[14]

Eruption history

The fresh appearance of samples and the lack of sedimentation indicates that Adams Seamount is a recently active seamount.[3] Potassium-argon dating of rocks dredged from Adams Seamount has yielded Holocene ages, including one age of 3,000 ± 1,000 years before present.[13] Other ages range from 4,000 - 7,000 years before present.[15] Unlike Bounty, Adams Seamount displays no active hydrothermal system.[5]

Biology

Adams seamount features a coral reef, one of the deepest tropical reefs in the world. It is mainly formed by Pocillopora sp. and Porites deformis corals, but also many reef fish and sharks; it is used as a fishing ground by Pitcairn.[2] Adams seamount is part of the Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve.[16]

References
  1. "Adams Seamount". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  2. Irving, Robert A.; Dawson, Terence P.; Christian, Michele (2019-01-01), Sheppard, Charles (ed.), "Chapter 34 - The Pitcairn Islands", World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition), Academic Press, p. 751, ISBN 9780081008539, retrieved 2019-07-27CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  3. Garapić et al. 2015, p. 2.
  4. Thießen et al. 2004, p. 418.
  5. Thießen et al. 2004, p. 409.
  6. Hekinian et al. 2003, p. 220.
  7. Binard, Hékinian & Stoffers 1992, p. 261.
  8. Hekinian et al. 2003, p. 228.
  9. Binard, Hékinian & Stoffers 1992, p. 257.
  10. Neall, Vincent E.; Trewick, Steven A. (27 October 2008). "The age and origin of the Pacific islands: a geological overview". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1508): 3293–3308. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0119. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2607379. PMID 18768382.
  11. Binard, Hékinian & Stoffers 1992, p. 259.
  12. Hekinian et al. 2003, p. 229.
  13. Guillou, Garcia & Turpin 1997, p. 244.
  14. Garapić et al. 2015, p. 9.
  15. Guillou, Garcia & Turpin 1997, p. 247.
  16. Albert, Donald Patrick (3 July 2018). "Did or Could Seabirds "Halo" Pitcairn Island for Fletcher Christian?". Terrae Incognitae. 50 (2): 114. doi:10.1080/00822884.2018.1498638. ISSN 0082-2884.

Sources
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