Aeolian landform

Aeolian landforms are features produced by either the erosive or constructive action of the wind. These features may be built up from sand or snow,[1] or eroded into rock, snow, or ice. Aeolian landforms are commonly observed in sandy deserts and on frozen lakes or sea ice and have observed and studied across Earth and on other planets, including Mars[2] and Pluto[3]

Terminology

The word "aeolian" derives from Æolus, the Greek god of the winds, and the son of Hellen and the nymph Orseis, and a brother of Dorus, Xuthus and Amphictyon.[4]

Mechanisms
Sand blowing off a crest in the Kelso Dunes of the Mojave Desert, California.

Aeolian landforms are formed when wind moves sediment (see aeolian processes). Sediment particles move when they are lifted by upwards Bernoulli forces that exceed their downwards weight or when they are dragged from their initial position. Depending on the balance of these forces, particles may either creep (roll) across the surface until they settle due to a loss of velocity; hop from point to point; or be suspended entirely in the air. These means of sediment transport can be classified as deposition, saltation, and suspension, respectively. Once sediment transport begins, it continues via gravity and momentum. Particles that fall out of the air typically impact the surface with enough force to dislodge further particles.[4]

These impacts are separated in space by the saltation hop length of the traveling particles, which creates distinct areas of erosion and/or deposition. As time passes, the surface rises in areas with net deposition, and lowers in areas with net erosion, creating initial landforms. Larger aeolian landforms alter the surface wind field in patterns that promote their growth. They are thus very stable, once formed.

Deflation and abrasion are specific means of sediment transport than can also be attributed to aeolian processes. Deflation, which is named for the Latin word "deflare" meaning "to blow away", refers to the scattering and removal of rock particles by wind. Deflation occurs in deserts where diverse particles dominate the surface. In these arid zones, sand and rock fragments are blown by jets and streams of air which remove fine grained materials from the surface and leave behind a rocky desert. Abrasion is another mechanism of force exerted by the wind on surficial materials that is characterized by friction caused by moving particles scraping across a rock's surface and, as a result, continues to develop a land formation by removing further material.[5]

Aeolian landforms are typically described in two categories: erosional and depositional.

Types of landforms

Depositional

Depositional landforms grow when sediment is deposited into an area faster than it is removed. These landforms grow from snow, sand, and/or dust in areas where wind patterns trap particles. For example, the Great Sand Dunes in Colorado grow as sand blown from a wide plain is deposited against the edge of the Sangre de Cristo mountains. Some depositional landforms include dunes, barchan dunes, ripple marks, and loess.

Examples of Depositional Landforms
Landform Description Image
Dunes A dune is a large pile of wind-blown material, typically sand or snow. As the pile accumulates, its larger surface area increases the rate of deposition in a positive feedback loop until the dune collapses under its own weight. This process causes dunes to move in the direction of the wind over time.[6][7]
Death Valley Mesquite Flats sand dunes.
Barchan Dune A type of dune that forms as a result of low sediment supply in regions where wind blows in one primary direction. This causes the dune to have a concave shape, with the tails facing downwind.[8] Transverse dunes and Seif dunes are some alternative examples of the effect of unidirectional air flow on dune formation.
Barchan dune schematic.
Ripple Marks Ripple marks are small ridges of sediment that form due to wind or water blowing over loose sediment in either a current or wave pattern. Aeolian ripples result from high velocity winds which form fine, well-sorted grain particles into long, flat, asymmetrical ripples.[9]
Asymmetrical wind ripples on aragonite sand from San Salvador Island in the Bahamas.
Loess Silt sized particles that can be carried by the wind over extensive distances, usually homogenous and highly porous. Generally, loess contains angular grains that are not well-polished due to the nature of their transport.
Loess hills in western Iowa.
Desert Pavement Angular rocks and sand grains that form a pavement due to inflation. Aeolian forces deposit sand grains between and beneath surrounding rocks which results in the rise of a stony layer of pavement.[10] Desert pavement can also form as a result of deflation, in which case finer rock particles are blown away and scattered by wind, leaving the pavement behind.
Desert pavement from the Mojave Desert.
Desert Varnish A coating that can be found on the surface of desert rocks that can only be explained by the presence of clay particles which have been transported by wind. The discoloration of the clays can most often be attributed to black manganese oxides and red iron oxides.
Desert varnish in Valley of Fire State Park.

Erosional

Erosional landforms grow when more sediment is removed from an area faster than it is deposited. They are widespread in hardened, wind-swept snow surfaces, such as the Antarctic Plateau: see sastrugi. In sand and rock, they are rarely preserved except in arid regions.[11] Outside of arid regions, moving water - which is heavier and more erosive than wind - erases aeolian landforms.[12] Large basins are complex and there is often one or more non-aeolian process at work, including tectonics, glacial and alluvial forces. There are several types of landforms associated with erosion.

Examples of Depositional Landforms
Landform Description Image
Deflation Basin A depression in the land that can be found in deserts due to the removal of particles by wind; it can also be referred to as a "blowout".
Blowout outside of Earth, Texas
Ventifacts Rock samples that demonstrate the erosion caused by aeolian processes over time. Erosional processes by wind can result in smoothing and polishing as well as the creation of grooves.
Hematite rich ventifact from Windy Gap, Wyoming with extensive polishing by wind.
Mushroom rocks Formations that develop over thousands of years when the top of an outcrop is eroded by wind at a slower rate than the base of the outcrop.
Mushroom rocks from northern Arizona.
Lag Deposit Angular rocks and sand grains that have been left behind during the gradual removal of finer particles by aeolian processes. Lag deposits can also form due to removal of finer particles by water.
Yardangs A protruding rock that results from a streamlined carving from consolidated material by wind abrasion by dust and sand, and deflation.
Yardangs in dunes at White Sands National Park in New Mexico.

See also
  • Barchan – A crescent-shaped dune
  • Blowout (geomorphology) – Depressions in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by wind
  • Desert pavement – A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size.
  • Dune – A hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
  • Erg (landform) – A broad, flat area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
  • Loess – A predominantly silt-sized clastic sediment of accumulated wind-blown dust
  • Médanos (geology)
  • Paha (landform)
  • Ripple marks – Wave structures created in sediments by bottom current
  • Sink (geography), also known as playa
  • Sandhill – A type of ecological community or xeric wildfire-maintained ecosystem
  • Sastrugi – Sharp irregular grooves or ridges formed on a snow surface
  • Tukulan

References
  1. Bagnold (1941). The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes.
  2. Archie, Deithra L. "Aeolian Processes and Landforms" (PDF). New Mexico State University. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  3. Telfer, M.; Parteli, E.; Radebaugh, J.; et al. (2018). "Dunes on Pluto". Science. 360 (6392): 992–997. doi:10.1126/science.aao2975.
  4. "Aeolian landform". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  5. Balasubramanian, A. (February 2007). "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS". ResearchGate.
  6. "Geology of Great Sand Dunes National Park". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  7. "Snow Dunes | National Snow and Ice Data Center". nsidc.org. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  8. "Barchan | sand dune". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  9. "Ripple Mark - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  10. Pelletier, Jon D.; Cline, Michael; DeLong, Stephen B. (2007). "Desert pavement dynamics: numerical modeling and field-based calibration". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 32 (13): 1913–1927. doi:10.1002/esp.1500. ISSN 1096-9837.
  11. Frank R. Spellman (16 March 2010). Geography for Nongeographers. Government Institutes. pp. 111–. ISBN 978-1-60590-687-4.
  12. Michael A. Summerfield (12 May 2014). Global Geomorphology. Routledge. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-1-317-88511-5.
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