Aggregation-induced emission

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is an abnormal phenomenon that is observed with certain organic luminophores (fluorescent dyes).[1][2][3]

Most organic compounds have planar structures and higher photoemission efficiencies in solution than in the solid state. Otherwise said, these fluorophores or fluorescent dyes are much more emissive in solution compared to just the solid form, in that the intensity of their emission is greater in solution. However, some organic luminophores have freely-rotating groups (rotational degrees of freedom), when these molecules are excited instead of releasing that energy as light they relax back down through these rotations. When these luminophores aggregate or crystallize, which restricts those rotations, they can become very fluorescent or emissive, and the photoluminescence efficiency (i.e. quantum yield) increases.


Aggregation-induced emission enhancement

The phenomenon in which organic luminophores show higher photoluminescence efficiency in the aggregated state than in solution is called aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). Some luminophores, e.g., diketopyrrolopyrrole-based and sulfonamide-based luminophores, only display enhanced emission upon entering the crystalline state. That is, these luminophores are said to exhibit crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE).[4][5]

Aggregation-induced emission Polymer

Fluorescence-emission Polymer is a kind of polymer which can absorb light of certain frequency and then give out light.[6] These polymers can be applied in biomaterial area. Due to their high biocapacity and fluorescence, they can help researchers to find and mark the location of proteins. And polymers with property of aggregation-induced emission can also help to protect the healthy tissues from the harm of the medicines.[7]

References
  1. Hong, Yuning; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Tang, Ben Zhong (2011). "Aggregation-induced emission". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (11): 5361–88. doi:10.1039/c1cs15113d. PMID 21799992.
  2. Mei, Ju; Hong, Yuning; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Qin, Anjun; Tang, Youhong; Tang, Ben Zhong (August 2014). "Aggregation-Induced Emission: The Whole Is More Brilliant than the Parts". Advanced Materials. 26 (31): 5429–5479. doi:10.1002/adma.201401356. PMID 24975272.
  3. Mei, Ju; Leung, Nelson L. C.; Kwok, Ryan T. K.; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Tang, Ben Zhong (22 October 2015). "Aggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!". Chemical Reviews. 115 (21): 11718–11940. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00263. PMID 26492387.
  4. Jin, Yi; Xu, Yanbin; Liu, Yinling; Wang, Lingyun; Jiang, Huanfeng; Li, Xianjie; Cao, Derong (September 2011). "Synthesis of novel diketopyrrolopyrrole-based luminophores showing crystallization-induced emission enhancement properties". Dyes and Pigments. 90 (3): 311–318. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.01.005.
  5. Virk, Tarunpreet Singh; Ilawe, Niranjan V.; Zhang, Guoxian; Yu, Craig P.; Wong, Bryan M.; Chan, Julian M. W. (20 December 2016). "Sultam-Based Hetero[5]helicene: Synthesis, Structure, and Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement". ACS Omega. 1 (6): 1336–1342. doi:10.1021/acsomega.6b00335. PMC 6640820. PMID 31457199.
  6. Han, Ting; Deng, Haiqin; Qiu, Zijie; Zhao, Zheng; Zhang, Haoke; Zou, Hang; Leung, Nelson L. C.; Shan, Guogang; Elsegood, Mark R. J.; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Tang, Ben Zhong (9 April 2018). "Facile Multicomponent Polymerizations toward Unconventional Luminescent Polymers with Readily Openable Small Heterocycles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 140 (16): 5588–5598. doi:10.1021/jacs.8b01991. PMID 29630372.
  7. Sun, Wenjing; Luo, Li; Feng, Yushuo; Cai, Yuting; Zhuang, Yixi; Xie, Rong-Jun; Chen, Xiaoyuan; Chen, Hongmin (5 September 2019). "Aggregation-Induced Emission Gold Clustoluminogens for Enhanced Low-Dose X-ray-Induced Photodynamic Therapy". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59 (25): 9914–9921. doi:10.1002/anie.201908712. PMID 31418982.
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