Aleksander Ładoś

Aleksander Wacław Ładoś [alɛ'ksandɛr 'wadoɕ] (December 27, 1891 – December 29, 1963) was a Polish politician and diplomat, who 1940–45 headed the Legation of Poland to Switzerland. Ładoś was a member and de facto leader of the Ładoś Group, also known as Bernese Group,[1][2] a secret action by the Polish diplomats and Jewish organizations who helped save several hundred Jews from the Holocaust by providing them with illegal Latin American, mostly Paraguayan passports.

Aleksander Ładoś
Born27 December 1891
Lwów, Austro-Hungary
Died29 December 1963
Warszawa, Poland
Resting placePowązki Cemetery, Warszawa
NationalityPolish
Alma materUniversity of Lviv
Occupationdiplomat; author
Known forWorld War I, Polish-Bolshevik War and the Holocaust rescue
Honours

Early life

Aleksander Wacław Ładoś was born in Lwów, Austro-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine). He was the younger son of Jan Ładoś, a postal clerk, and Albina née Kalous. Ładoś graduated from IV Classical Gymnasium in Lwów. In 1913 he joined the Polish People's Party "Piast" getting to know its leaders Wincenty Witos and Jan Dąbski. After the outbreak of the World War I he joined the Polish Eastern Legion. Exiled by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, Ładoś escaped to Switzerland and continued his interrupted studies in Lausanne being politically active in the Polish diaspora at the same time.

Ładoś came back to newly independent Poland in spring 1919 to join the Polish diplomatic service. Until spring 1920 he served as plebiscite delegate at Cieszyn Silesia, Spiš and Orava. Finally, the voting aimed to regulate the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia was never held and a final line was set up at the Spa Conference in Belgium. Since April 1920 Ładoś worked in the headquarters of the Polish MFA in Warsaw and shortly became head of its Press Department.

In 1920-21, Ładoś served as secretary of the Polish delegation to the peace talks with the Soviet Russia in Minsk and Riga which decided about future borders of the Second Polish Republic. After the war, Ładoś became head of Central European Department at the MFA and October 9, 1923 he was nominated minister plenipotentiary to Latvia. Political enemy of Józef Piłsudski, Ładoś lost his post after the coup d’état in May 1926, but quickly was nominated Consul General of Poland to Munich. Shortly after Józef Beck became vice-minister of foreign affairs, Ładoś was dismissed and discharged from the service.

Between 1931 and 1939, he worked as editor and columnist, writing for various opposition newspapers. He became a vocal critic of Józef Beck, who in the meantime replaced August Zaleski as foreign minister. Ładoś believed Poland should seek rapprochement with the Soviet Union as a possible ally against Nazi Germany and advocated closer cooperation with Czechoslovakia. Politically close to pro-democratic and pro-French Front Morges, he befriended general Władysław Sikorski, who would later become Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile, Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. After the German invasion of Poland, Ładoś headed to Romania to join the Polish Government in Exile as a minister without portfolio between October 3 and December 7, 1939. Between May 24, 1940 and July 1945 he was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Poland to Switzerland. Shortly after his nomination, Switzerland became fully encircled by the Axis Powers and the Vichy France. Due to the German pressure, Ładoś failed to deliver his credential letters and enjoyed a minor status of chargé d'affaires.

Ładoś Group and Holocaust rescue operation
Further information: Ładoś Group

During his de facto ambassadorial post in Bern, Ładoś headed secret operation “Passport Issues” aimed to provide Jews in German-occupied Poland with Latin American passports[3] strictly co-operating with representatives of the Jewish organizations in Switzerland. The blank passports were bought between Dec. 1941 and Autumn 1943 from the honorary consul of Paraguay Rudolf Hüggli and filled out by Ładoś’ sub-ordinates, consul Konstanty Rokicki and sometimes also by a Polish-Jewish diplomat Juliusz Kühl.[4]

Ładoś himself intervened directly with the Swiss Federal Counselor Marcel Pilet-Golaz to turn a blind eye to the illegal procedure.[5] Other people included in the clandestine Ładoś Group included Ładoś’ deputy counsellor Stefan J. Ryniewicz and Jews Chaim Eiss and Abraham Silberschein, members of Jewish organizations whose main task was to smuggle lists of beneficiaries and copies of illegally-obtained passports between Berne and German-occupied Poland. Bearers of such passports were not sent to the Nazi death camps but instead interred in detention camps in Vittel, France or Bergen-Belsen, Germany. According to Zbigniew Parafianowicz and Michał Potocki at least 400 of them survived the war.[6] Ładoś also successfully urged in January 1944 the Polish Government in exile to help obtain official recognition of the passports by Paraguay[7] – the fact that finally happened in February 1944. The Polish Legation under Ładoś also enabled the Sternbuchs, Montreux-based Jewish family to use Polish cables and send notes to the members of the New York Jewish diaspora to inform them about on-going Holocaust.

Later life and death
Ładoś grave at Powązki Cemetery

In July 1945 Ładoś officially supported the coalition Government in Poland and resigned as envoy. Instead of coming back to Poland, he decided to stay in Switzerland, where he acted as special envoy of the legal opposition PSL-party and its leader Stanisław Mikołajczyk. By Autumn 1946 he moved to Clamart near Paris. He came back to Poland in July 1960 being already seriously ill. Ładoś died in Warsaw, December 29, 1963 and was buried at Powązki Cemetery.

He left three tomes of unpublished and unfinished memoirs.

Yad Vashem Controversy

In April 2019 the Yad Vashem's Righteous Among The Nations granted the title to Konstanty Rokicki and offered "appreciation" to Aleksander Ładoś and Stefan Ryniewicz arguing that Rokicki headed the Ładoś Group. The document erroneously called Ładoś and Ryniewicz "consuls".[8] The decision sparked outrage and frustration among the family members of the two other late Polish diplomats, and among survivors.[9] Thirty one of them signed an open letter to Yad Vashem.[10] Rokicki's cousin refused to accept the medal until two other Polish diplomats, Rokicki's superiors Ładoś and Ryniewicz, are recognized as Righteous Among The Nations, too. Polish Ambassador to Switzerland Jakub Kumoch who contributed to the discovery of Rokicki also refuted the Yad Vashem's interpretation stating that Rokicki worked under Ładoś and Ryniewicz.[11]

Honours

References
  1. "President Andrzej Duda and Survivors will pay tribute to a Polish diplomat who saved more than 800 Jews". chicago.mfa.gov.pl. Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago.
  2. Kumoch, Jakub. "How we let a Holocaust hero be forgotten". israelhayom.com. Israel Hayom. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  3. Zbigniew Parafianowicz, Michał Potocki, How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews, SwissInfo.ch, August 9, 2017 [access Nov. 15, 2017]
  4. Zbigniew Parafianowicz, Michał Potocki, How a Polish envoy to Bern saved hundreds of Jews, SwissInfo.ch, August 9, 2017 [access Nov. 15, 2017]
  5. Notice du Chef du Département politique, M. Pilet-Golaz, Berne, 13 octobre 1943, dodis.ch/47624
  6. Thank you lettef from World Agudas Israel Organization https://twitter.com/luccasj/status/897110584482779136
  7. Ładoś to MFA, Jan. 4, 1944, Archiwum Akt Nowych, sygn. 404
  8. Brazer, Jenni. "Poland's wartime consul named Righteous Among Nations for role in saving Jews". jewishnews.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  9. Beck, Eldad. "After Yad Vashem honors Rokicki, fight over Bernese Group continues". israelhayom.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  10. "Holocaust survivors appeal to decorate 'all Ładoś Group members'". polandin.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  11. Kumoch, Jakub. "The Polish Holocaust hero you've never heard of". timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  12. "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 28 maja 2019 r. o nadaniu odznaczeń". prawo.sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). 28 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  13. Łoza, Stanisław, ed. (1938). Czy wiesz kto to jest?. Warszawa: Główna Księgarnia Wojskowa. p. 438.
  • M. Potocki, Z. Parafianowicz, Polak na polecenie rządu ratował Żydów od Holokaustu. Świat się o tym nie dowiedział, gazetaprawna.pl [access: 8 VIII 2017]
  • Mark MacKinnon, 'He should be as well known as Schindler': Documents reveal Canadian citizen Julius Kuhl as Holocaust hero
  • Agnieszka Haska, „Proszę Pana Ministra o energiczną interwencję”. Aleksander Ładoś (1891–1963) i ratowanie Żydów przez Poselstwo RP w Bernie, holocaustresearch.pl [access: 12.11.2017]
  • Agnieszka Haska, “Sir, I urge you to intervene at once.” Aleksander Ładoś (1891–1963) and Rescuing of Jews by the Polish Legation in Brno https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=457204
  • Portrait of Aleksander Ładoś at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1133518
  • Ładoś’ files at the archive of the Swiss MFA http://dodis.ch/P1226

Literature
  • Stanisław Łoza (red.): Czy wiesz kto to jest ?, Wydawnictwo Głównej Księgarni Wojskowej, Warszawa 1938
  • Kto był kim w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej (red. Jacek M. Majchrowski), wyd. BGW Warszawa 1994, p. 103, ISBN 83-7066-569-1
  • Aleksander Ładoś [in:] Leksykon historii Polski, red. Michał Czajka, "Wiedza Powszechna", Warszawa 1995
  • Iwona Kulikowska: Aleksander Ładoś – konsul generalny II RP w Monachium, [in:] W nieustającej trosce o polską diasporę, Gorzów Wielkopolski 2012, pp. 263–279, ISBN 978-83-933510-1-5
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