Alex Stajkovic

Alex Stajkovic is an Organizational Behavior (OB) professor who has conducted research on confidence and goal priming.[1][2] He is the M. Keith Weikel Distinguished Chair in Leadership in the Wisconsin School of Business at the University of Wisconsin - Madison. His research bears on self-efficacy, confidence, and primed goals.[3][4][5] Stajkovic co-authored papers with Albert Bandura, Edwin Locke, and Fred Luthans.[6][5][7][8][9] Stajkovic is a contributing editor to the Journal of Applied Psychology[10], as well as a member of the Midwestern Psychological Association[11] and Society for Science of Motivation.[12]


Alex Stajkovic

Early life

Born in 1965 to Yugoslavian parents, Alex grew up in Belgrade. Alex enrolled in the University of Belgrade in 1985.[13] In college, Stajkovic studied economics. He was president of Association Internationale des Étudiants en Sciences Économiques et Commerciales (AIESEC) for the Economics Faculty in Belgrade in 1987-1988.

Education

Stajkovic graduated with a Ph.D. in organizational behavior from University of Nebraska - Lincoln in December 1996. Luthans was Stajkovic's dissertation chair. Stajkovic also earned a Master of Arts in Management from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln in 1993.

Academia career

After receiving his degree, Stajkovic earned an offer to work in Milan, which he did for a few years. In 1999 Stajkovic became an assistant professor at the Wisconsin School for Business.[14] In 2006 he became an associate professor.[14] From 2008 - 2013 Stajkovic held the Procter and Gamble Chair in Business, and from 2013 - 2015 he was the M. Keith Weikel Professor in Leadership. He has held the M. Keith Weikel Distinguished Chair in Leadership since 2015.[14]

A study[15] conducted in 2018 placed Stajkovic in the top one percent of most-cited textbook authors in the field of organizational behavior. April 1, 2020, Stajkovic posted his first podcast titled: The Show Must Go On: Banters on Business that he co-hosts with Kayla Sergent.[16]

Theories

Core confidence

Stajkovic developed core confidence theory to help better understand employee motivation.[1] The theory holds that ability and motivation to some extent predict performance. Other factors need to be taken into account. Stajkovic (2006) explains:

"What I try to add to the literature is a suggestion that skill and desire need to be joined with confidence, a personal certainty belief that one can handle what one desires to do or needs to be done at work" (p. 1209)

Stajkovic states that confidence resides deep within individuals - at their core - and is not directly observable. Instead, we see it manifest in people through their hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience.[1] He advanced the view that hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience represent one common core, namely, confidence, and that core confidence predicts job performance, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with life.[17] Along with core confidence, Staikovic also defines trait core confidence as a "certainty can-do belief that spans across related domains of activity."[18]

To support these claims, Stajkovic conducted a series of studies to analyze whether self-efficacy predicts academic achievement above and beyond personality. They analyzed the Big Five personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, extroversion/introversion, openness to experience, and emotional stability), which are defined as innate dispositions. They examined the predictive power of personality and self-efficacy on students' grades. Their findings ultimately concluded that "self-efficacy was predictive of academic achievement above and beyond personality in all of the analyses." In terms of practical implications, this research reaffirmed that students can develop the skills, specifically the confidence, to succeed.[19] Stajkovic has also published articles around self-regulation, which goes hand in hand with core confidence and self-efficacy. Self-regulation is connected to processes related to underlying attitudes and behaviors and how they happen. Research on self-regulation has put a focus on how core confidence plays a role in self-regulation of job performance as well as life satisfaction. The role core confidence plays in adaptive self-regulation is that the person already has the skill and motivation but is triggered psychology to enable this potential. Doubt inhibits this potential. Looking at both confidence levels, individuals with low core confidence are less likely to participate in activities if there is doubt. Individuals with high core confidence are able to overcome this doubt. Staijovic hypothesized that core confidence is positively related to higher satisfaction with life as well as higher job satisfaction. Conclusions of the study found core confidence did in fact show how impactful core confidence is both students and employees that were studied.[18]

A talk by Stajkovic that summarizes his research on confidence and its effect on job performance is available here.

In a 2007 interview with Elle Magazine, Stajkovic gave insight into how to increase self-efficacy. In the interview, his advice to people seeking to grow themselves in their work is to study the habits of their peers who have similar or more advanced skills.[20]

Interaction of primed subconscious and conscious goals

In an experiment published in 2006 Stajkovic and colleagues examined the relationship between primed subconscious goals and conscious goals.[21] Conscious goal setting theory asserts that consciously setting specific, difficult goals explains and predicts work performance.[22][2] The study of conscious goal setting has been largely confined to the study of organizational behavior.[2] Subconscious goal theory asserts that motivational goals can be activated (primed) through stimulating the subconscious mind.[2] The study of subconscious goal activation has been the work of social psychology researchers. Stajkovic and his collaborators designed the first experiment to attempt to connect these two theories.[2]

The subjects in the experiment set conscious goals in three conditions: easy goals, do your best goals and specific difficult goals.[2] The subjects were then subconsciously primed using achievement related words.[2] Subjects were then given the task of listing possible uses for a coat hanger.[2] The experiment showed that both subconscious priming and conscious goal setting had a significant effect on achievement of the difficult and do your best goals.[2] Neither had a significant effect on attainment of an easy goal.[2] The results also showed a significant two-way interaction between subconscious and conscious goals.[2]

In 2019, Stajkovic, with Kayla Sergent, published Cognitive Automation and Organizational Psychology; Priming Goals as a New Source of Competitive Advantage.[23] As the title suggests, Stajkovic and Sergent posit that cognitive automation, that is, using the subconscious, to prime goals to free up working or active memory in task performance provides an opportunity for competitive advantage. Stajkovic and Sergent argue that the use of the subconscious to prime goals will produce a competitive advantage in business.[23] The authors state the problem that the modern worker is experiencing cognitive overload in the workplace due to the complexities and demands of the same.[23] Upon stating the problem, the authors set about providing empirical data to support their argument to show that the use of subconscious processing can provide a competitive advantage in business.[23]

Transformational Leadership

Managers have been getting better and cheaper since the turn of the Industrial Revolution. This has lead to most organizations being over-managed and under-led. To be a transformational leader you must engage in four sets of behavior. These behaviors include Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized. Together these are called the four "I"s. [24] Idealized Influence is based on influencing employees by modeling. It helps to be charismatic to have idealized influenced. Employees will like what you do, how you approach problems, hot to treat "little people" and how to comport yourself. [25] Inspirational Motivation is to create a vision. Employees will be inspired by a vision.[26] Intellectual Stimulation is for a leader to stimulate followers to be creative and challenge their preconceptions.[27] Individualized Consideration is getting to truly know your employees. How can you led people if you truly do not know them. Because the more you know someone, the more they will share. The more they share, the more you cna help them to realize their full potential.[28]

Academic honors
  • Journal of Applied Psychology, Editor nomination by the American Psychological Association, 2013
  • Gaumnitz Distinguished Research Award, Wisconsin School of Business, 2007
  • Mabel Chipman Excellence in Teaching Award, Wisconsin School of Business, 2005
  • Full-time MBA Honors Board, Wisconsin School of Business, 2004-2007
  • Early Career Contribution to Industrial/Organizational Psychology, nominated by Division 14, Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), of the American Psychological Association, 2001
  • Excellence in Teaching Award, voted by students, University of California - Irvine, 1998

Bibliography
  • Cognitive Automation and Organizational Psychology: Priming Goals as a New Source of Competitive Advantage, Routledge, 2019
  • Management and Leadership: What Can MBA Do in My Workday?, First Research Paradigms Applied Edition, March 2019

References
  1. Stajkovic, A.D. (2006). "Development of a Core Confidence-Higher Order Construct". Journal of Applied Psychology. 91 (6): 1208–1224. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1208. PMID 17100479.
  2. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Locke, Edwin A.; Blair, Eden S. (2006). "A First Examination of the Relationships Between Primed Subconscious Goals, Assigned Conscious Goals, and Task Performance". Journal of Applied Psychology. 91 (5): 1172–1180. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1172. PMID 16953778.
  3. "Organizational Behavior (OB)". Investopedia. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  4. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Luthans, Fred (1998). "Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: A Meta-Analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 124 (2): 240–261. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240.
  5. Latham, Gary P.; Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Locke, Edwin A. (2010). "The relevance and viability of subconscious goals in the workplace". Journal of Management. 36: 234–255. doi:10.1177/0149206309350777. S2CID 143494319.
  6. "Test of three conceptual models of influence of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance". Personality and Individual Differences. 120: 238–245. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.014.
  7. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Luthans, Fred (2003). "Behavioral management and task performance in organizations: Conceptual background, meta-analysis, and test of alternative models". Personnel Psychology. 56: 155–194. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00147.x.
  8. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Luthans, Fred (2001). "Differential effects of incentive motivators on work performance". Academy of Management Journal. 44 (3): 580–590. doi:10.5465/3069372.
  9. Stajkovic, A. D.; Luthans, F. (1997). "A meta-analysis of the effects of organizational behavior modification on task performance, 1975-95". Academy of Management Journal. 40 (5): 1122–1149. doi:10.2307/256929. JSTOR 256929.
  10. "Journal of Applied Psychology".
  11. "Midwestern Psychological Association - Home". midwesternpsych.org. Archived from the original on 2018-12-04. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  12. Richter, Michael. "Homepage of the Society for the Science of Motivation". www.thessm.org. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  13. Stajkovic, A. D. "Alex Stajkovic CV" (PDF). Alex Stajkovic's Personal Webpage.
  14. "WSB Faculty Profile".
  15. Aguinis, Herman; Ramani, Ravi S.; Alabduljader, Nawaf; Bailey, James; Lee, Joowon (2019). "A Pluralist Conceptualization of Scholarly Impact in Management Education: Students as Stakeholders". Academy of Management Learning & Education. 18: 11–42. doi:10.5465/amle.2017.0488.
  16. Stajkovic, Alex. "The Show Must Go On: Banters on Business". Podbean. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  17. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Lee, Dongseop; Greenwald, Jessica M.; Raffiee, Joseph (2015). "The role of trait core confidence higher-order construct in self-regulation of performance and attitudes: Evidence from four studies". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 128: 29–58. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.02.001.
  18. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Lee, Dongseop; Greenwald, Jessica M.; Raffiee, Joseph (2015). "The role of trait core confidence higher-order construct in self-regulation of performance and attitudes: Evidence from four studies". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 128: 29–48. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.02.001.
  19. Stajkovic, Alex. “How to Predict Academic Achievement.” Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 28 Nov. 2017, bus.wisc.edu/knowledge-expertise/faculty-research/forward-thinking-blog/2017/11/27/how-to-predict-academic-achievement.
  20. TY - BOOK AU - Stajkovic, Alex PY - 2007/04/19 SP - T1 - Ain't no mountain high enough. Alex's interview with Elle on the role of self-efficacy in the careers of women. JO - The Elle Magazine ER -
  21. Stajkovic, Alexander D.; Locke, Edwin A.; Blair, Eden S. (2006). "A first examination of the relationships between primed subconscious goals, assigned conscious goals, and task performance". Journal of Applied Psychology. 91 (5): 1172–1180. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1172. ISSN 1939-1854. PMID 16953778.
  22. Goal setting
  23. Stajkovic, Alexander (2019). Cognitive Automation and Organizational Psychology; Priming Goals as a New Source of Competitive Advantage. New York: Routledge. pp. 4, 9, 203. ISBN 978-0-367-27269-2.
  24. Stajkovic, Alex Ph.D; Sergent, Kayla Ph.D (2019) "Management and Leadership What can MBA do in My workday?" pp47
  25. Stajkovic, Alex Ph.D; Sergent, Kayla Ph.D (2019) "Management and Leadership What can MBA do in My workday?" pp48
  26. Stajkovic, Alex Ph.D; Sergent, Kayla Ph.D (2019) "Management and Leadership What can MBA do in My workday?" pp48
  27. Stajkovic, Alex Ph.D; Sergent, Kayla Ph.D (2019) "Management and Leadership What can MBA do in My workday?" pp52
  28. Stajkovic, Alex Ph.D; Sergent, Kayla Ph.D (2019) "Management and Leadership What can MBA do in My workday?" pp54
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