Algae fuel in the United States

Algae fuel in the United States, as with other countries, is under study as a source of biofuel.

History

The Aquatic Species Program launched in 1978 was research program funded by the U.S. DoE, tasked with investigating the use of algae for the production of energy. The program initially focused efforts on the production of hydrogen, however, shifted primary research to studying oil production in 1982. From 1982 through its culmination, the majority of the program research was focused on the production of transportation fuels, notably biodiesel, from algae. In 1995, as part of the over-all efforts to lower budget demands, the DoE decided to end the program. Research stopped in 1996 and staff began compiling their research for publication.

In 2007, Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act, which required the United States to increase biofuel use. In accordance with this legislation, the Department of Energy dedicated $125 million to biofuel research in 2014 and brought the United States to use 45% of the world's biofuels, according to a 2014 article by Delia Gallinaro.[1]

The Department of Energy created the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), which supports R&D on alternative fuels. Within EERE, the Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) created a Multi-Year Program Plan describing many specific challenges to overcome and goals to complete in order to increase the percentage of fuel in the United States coming from biological sources.[2] BETO organized an Algae Program dedicated to researching and improving the viability of algae as an energy source. EERE's official page for the Algae Program lists goals including improving yields of algae strains while decreasing expenses of growing algae, filtering the algae from the water, extracting the oils, and processing the biofuel.[3]

The United States Department of Agriculture has also been ordered to fund $881 million of biofuel research, so the organization partnered with the U.S. Navy and the Federal Aviation Administration with the goal of researching algae-based biofuels that can be "dropped-into" current military fuel infrastructure.[1]

This financial incentive for algae biofuel research has facilitated the creation of many algae strains that can be converted to fuel. Current economic assessments cite large-scale pond-cultivated algae fuel prices ranging from at $0.42 to $7.50 per Liter.[4] However, a 2012 economic analysis of commercialization potential and cost optimization determined a much smaller price range of $0.42 to $0.97 per Liter.[5]

Research

Universities working on oil from algae include

Researchers at the Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) of the University of Kentucky are currently developing the algae-mediated conversion of coal-fired power plant flue gas to drop-in hydrocarbon fuel. Through their work, these researchers have proven that the carbon dioxide within flue gas from coal-fired power plants can be captured using algae, which can subsequently harvested and utilized, e.g. as a feedstock for the production of drop-in hydrocarbon fuels.

Use of wastewater

At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution the wastewater from domestic and industrial sources contain rich organic compounds that are being used to accelerate the growth of algae.[11]

Also the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering of the University of Georgia is exploring microalgal biomass production using industrial wastewater.[12]

Algaewheel, based in Indianapolis, Indiana, presented a proposal to build a facility in Cedar Lake, Indiana that uses algae to treat municipal wastewater and uses the sludge byproduct to produce biofuel.[13][14]

Organizations

The National Algae Association (NAA) is a non-profit organization of algae researchers, algae production companies and the investment community who share the goal of commercializing algae oil as an alternative feedstock for the biofuels markets. The NAA gives its members a forum to efficiently evaluate various algae technologies for potential early stage company opportunities.

See also

References
  1. Gallinaro, Delia (2014). "American funding for biofuel/biorefinery research & development". Environmental Biotechnology. 10 (1): 23–25. doi:10.14799/ebms243.
  2. "Bioenergy Technologies Office Multi-Year Program Plan: March 2016 | Department of Energy". energy.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  3. "Algal Biofuels | Department of Energy". energy.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  4. Louw, T.M.; Griffiths, M.J.; Jones, S.M.J.; Harison, S.T.L. (2016). "Techno-economics of algal biodiesel". In Bux, F.; Christi, Y. (eds.). Algae Biotechnology: Products and Processes. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. p. 114.
  5. Nagarajan, Sanjay; Chou, Siaw Kiang; Cao, Shenyan; Wu, Chen; Zhou, Zhi (2012-12-05). "An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel". Bioresource Technology. 145: 150–156. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.108. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 23260269.
  6. Gold, Russell (2009-04-11). "Pond Scum Gets Its Moment in the Limelight". The Wall Street Journal.
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2009-09-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. "Algae CO2 Capture Part 1: How it Works | reveal.uky.edu". reveal.uky.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-06-03. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
  9. Crocker, Mark (March 21, 2014). "CO2 Recycling using Microalgae for the Production of Fuels". Applied Petrochemical Research. 4: 41–53. doi:10.1007/s13203-014-0052-3.
  10. Santillan-Jimenez, Eduardo; Morgan, Tonya; Shoup, Jaime; Harman-Ware, Anne E.; Crocker, Mark (2014). "Catalytic deoxygenation of triglycerides and fatty acids to hydrocarbons over Ni–Al layered double hydroxide". Catalysis Today. 237: 136–144. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2013.11.009. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
  11. "Biofuels from industrial/domestic wastewater". Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  12. http://openwetware.org/images/2/2e/09-Microalgal_Biomass_Production_Chinnasamy.pdf
  13. "Algaewheel — Wastewater Treatment Specialists". Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  14. "Indiana Company to Submit Proposal to Utilize Algae to Treat Wastewater and Create Renewable Energy". E-Wire. 2008-06-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
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