Ali Manikfan

M. Ali Manikfan (where "M." stands for Muraiduganduar, also known as Muräduganduar Ali Befanu;[2] manikfan is family name and befanu is a title) (born 16 March 1938, Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep) is an Indian marine researcher, ecologist, shipbuilder, and a polyglot.[3][4]

Muraiduganduar Ali Manikfan
Born (1938-03-16) 16 March 1938
Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep, India
NationalityIndian
Known forAbudefduf Manikfani
AwardsPadma Shri(2021)[1]
Scientific career
Fields

He is noted for his autodidactic research skills in the marine, ecology, and agricultural fields, not holding any formal educational qualification,[3] and for promoting a life of simplicity.[5][6][7] The Government of India honored him in 2021, with the third highest civilian award of Padma Shri.

Life

Ali Manikfan was born to Musa Manikfan and Fatima Manika in Minicoy Island of Lakshadweep on 16 March 1938. His father Musa sent him to Kannur for formal education. As he was not interested in formal education, he left his studies and returned to his home land. According to him formal education is artificial and pointless and best way to acquire knowledge is getting wisdom by observing our environment.[3] Ali Manikfan knows a great number of languages. Besides his mother tongue Divehi (Mahl), he learned English, Hindi and Malayalam, Arabic, Latin, French, Russian, German, Sinhalese, Persian, Sanskrit, Tamil and Urdu. His other areas of interest are marine biology, marine research, geography, astronomy, social science, traditional shipbuilding, education, fisheries, agriculture and horticulture. In 1956 he worked as a teacher and then became a clerk in Minicoy. (Indian government's chief civil official on the Island). But his interest was in marine life. In the 1960s he joined the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute of India.[3]

New fish species discovered

While working with the marine biologist Dr. Santhappan Jones, Manikfan discovered a new fish species. Jones, impressed by Ali's observation skills and his wide knowledge about marine life, called the species Abudefduf manikfani.[3][8] Later, his knowledge was used for a paper describing the fish species in the Laccadive archipelago found in the specimen collections, on which he was listed as a co-author.[9]

Technical and agricultural experiments

Ali Manikfan follows non-aggressive agricultural methods that take nature in consideration. For his 15-acre (0.061 km2) land in Valliyur in Thirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, he produces his own electricity from a windmill which he designed himself.[10] He built a house there with eco friendly materials that are naturally available in the region.

Shipbuilder

In 1981 Ali Manikfan was given the responsibility of making a reconstruction of an ancient Arab trading ship, the Sohar, by Irish adventurer Tim Severin. He went to Oman to direct the team of carpenters. The ship, named after the city of Sohar in Oman, was completely hand-made, using traditional boat-building techniques, and no metal was used in its construction. It took one year to build the 27-metre-long ship, and four tons of coir were needed to sew the planks of its hull, in the same way that ancient Maldivians had built ships. Tim Severin traveled 9,600 km from Oman to China by this ship. Severin described his eight-month-long journey in a book, The Sindbad Voyage.[11] The Sohar is now displayed at a Museum in Oman.

Calendar

Ali Manikfan has designed a lunar calendar based on the new moon times published[12] by Fred Espenak who calculated the new moon times based on Astronomical Algorithms of Jean Meeus. He recommended Muslims all over the world to follow his lunar calendar.[4][13]

The Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar) is a purely lunar calendar. It contains 12 months that are based on the visible new moon of every month, and because 12 synodic months is only 12 x 29.53059=354.3671 days, the Islamic calendar is consistently shorter than a tropical year, and therefore it shifts with respect to the Christian calendar. The calendar is based on the Qur'an (Sura IX, 36-37) and its proper observance is a sacred duty for Muslims.

Some Muslim astronomers like Khalid Shaukat of moonsighting.com[14] have suggested that lunar date lines should be marked on the world map for the Muslims to begin their fasting and celebrating their Eid. According to them this would depend on the visibility curve of the crescent and the date would begin from then. The so-called curved lunar date lines always keep on changing and they pass through cities, towns and even houses.

According to Ali Manikfan's criterion "If the new moon ie. the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon occurs before 00:00 UT, the following calendrical day is the first day of lunar month". For e.g. New moon of February 2015 occurred on 18th at 23:47UT. So the month of Jumada I of 1436 started from the next calendrical day 19 February, which was 13mins passed new moon. Likewise, New moon of the month of October in the same year happened on 13th at 00:05, So the month of Muharram of the year 1437 started on the next calendrical day 14 October, which was 23hrs 55mins passed new moon. As per Islamic law, the month should be begun after the sighting of Hilal. It will take 20 to 24hrs for Hilal to form. But in his lunar calendar some months start after a few minutes of conjunction and some other months after 23.9hrs of conjunction, which is almost a day. There is no relevance to Hilal in his calendar. Instagram id is @ali_manikfan

He further claims "There is a day called universal day and conjunction always happens on that day". There is no day called universal day on the planet. No astronomer ever mentioned such a day. And he teaches that last day of the month should be the universal day of conjunction. He considers the 24hrs of UT in which conjunction happens as a universal day, which is the local day at Greenwich. The universal day what he claims is nothing but the local day of Greenwich. His criterion has no logic of except Greenwich midnight. It simply follows the day convention of the Christian calendar and the new moon time referred in Greenwich Mean Time.

Since there is no Hilal involved in his criterion it is widely criticized by the Muslim scholars and astronomers in India.[15]

His calendar is followed by a minority in the State of Tamil Nadu in India, Where He is the Chairman of the Hijra Committee of India[16]

The criterion of the calendar proposed by Ali is not his own. It was an old criterion used in Saudi Arabia for its Ummul Qura calendar.[17] Saudi dropped the criterion in 1999 and developed a new criterion. Nine years later when the world forgot about the old Ummul qura criterion, Ali took the scrapped calendar and claimed that he invented a new calendar for the mankind. He preached this in Kerala and later moved to the state of Tamil Nadu to preach the same.

Bicycle

He built a roller-driven motorcycle out of a bicycle with an attached old power sprayer motor. It was started by pedaling until the motor got going. He went with his son Musa from Tamil Nadu to New Delhi, doing an average of 60 to 70 km a day. Though its maximum speed is only 35 km/h, Ali Manikfan claims it's far cheaper and efficient than a petrol-driven two-wheeler.

Qibla & Flat Earth

He claims that "one who crosses the International Date Line should change his Qiblah in the opposite direction". So that people eastward should face east for Qiblah and people westward should face west for Qiblah. Moreover, he insists people on the either sides of the International Date Line to stand backwards to each other and face Qiblah at the opposite directions during prayer. His view is entirely wrong as the earth is a sphere, not flat.[18] In a globe, if concentric circles are made around a point, just like the saffs around Ka’ba, the concentric circles enlarge towards the half of the globe and then dwindle towards the antipode of the earlier point. So, on the spherical earth, the Qibla direction changes on a point, not on line. Because of this he is criticized as a flat earth supporter.[19]

References
  1. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337
  2. Kattner, Ellen (1996). The Social Structure of Maliku (Minicoy). IIAS Newsletter 10, pp. 19–20, International Institute for Asian Studies. (Online at maj.s5.com/minicoy_kattner.htm.)
  3. Xavier Romero-Frias. "Ali Manikfan - the man from Minicoy who loves nature". Maldives Culture website.
  4. Islam online
  5. Dr. J. M. I Sait. "The Living Legend" Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. Islamic Encyclopedia (Malayalam), volume 2. Islamic Publishing House.
  7. "Wise Old man of Minicoy". Indian Express, 23 September 1998.
  8. Jones, S.; Kumaran, M. (1970), "New records of fishes from the seas around India – Part VI" (PDF), Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (2): 321–331.
  9. Jones, S.; Kumaran, M.; Manikfan, M. Ali (1981), "On some fishes from the Maldives. Part I: Species known from the Laccadive archipelago in the collections." (PDF), Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 23 (1–2): 181–197.
  10. P. Sudhakar (17 October 2004). "Indian medicines, natural farming keep them going". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  11. Tim Severin (1982). The Sinbad Voyage. ISBN 978-0-09-150560-8. The book won the 1982 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award.
  12. http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases2001.html
  13. P. K. Abdul Ghafour (23 November 2005). "OIC Summit Urged to Adopt Unified Islamic Calendar". Arab News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012.
  14. http://www.moonsighting.com
  15. "ஹிஜ்றா கமிட்டி".
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia".
  18. https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/qibla.htm
  19. https://www.piraivasi.com/2017/06/29-1.html
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