Alliance of Independents

The Alliance of Independents,[1][2][3] Ring of Independents, or National Ring of Independents,[4] (German: Landesring der Unabhängigen (LdU), French: Alliance des Indépendants (AdI), Italian: Anello degli Indipendenti) was a social liberal[5] political party in Switzerland that existed between 1936 and 1999.

Alliance of Independents

Landesring der Unabhängige
Alliance des Indépendants
Anello degli Indipendenti
FounderGottlieb Duttweiler
Founded30 December 1936
Dissolved4 December 1999
IdeologySocial liberalism
Green liberalism

History of the party

Formation

Gottlieb Duttweiler – the founder of Migros, a retail business and consumer cooperative – was dissatisfied with the state of Swiss politics in the 1930s and therefore founded the Alliance of Independents with a group of like-minded people as an association. According to its statutes, it was not meant to be a political party at first but to be an association to help to reconcile capitalists and workers. From the beginning, the LdU also served the interests of the Migros cooperative, successfully lobbying against legislation that impeded its business model by restricting networks of general stores or sales by trucks (one of Migros' marketing strategies). The political scientist D.L. Seiler has therefore called it "a commercial enterprise continued by other means".[3] The party won seven seats in the elections for the National Council of Switzerland in 1935 (although the seats were won in only 3 cantons of 26: 5 in Zürich, 1 each in St. Gallen and Bern). Since the original plan, to unite the best politicians of all parties in one group, did not work, the Alliance of Independents was transformed into a political party on December 30, 1936.

Duttweiler Era

Duttweiler's authoritarian style of leadership combined with his vague political positions lead to a breakaway of leading figures from the party in 1943. These ran as Unabhängig-freie Liste (Eng: Independent- Free List) and won one seat in the elections for the National Council of Switzerland the following autumn. However this breakaway did not manage to exist for long. During the era of Duttweiler the party always won around 5% of the vote. However the party was never successful in the French or Italian speaking regions of Switzerland and in central Switzerland (except in Lucerne).

Social Liberal Phase after Duttweiler

After the death of longtime chairman Duttweiler in 1962, the party was able to establish itself as a social liberal alternative between the left and the right. It won 9.1% and 16 seats out of 200 in the 1967 elections to the National Council of Switzerland, thus becoming the strongest opposition party. The LdU was mainly voted for by urban middle-class voters (blue collar workers, civil servants). Several new local affiliates in different cantons were founded in this time. In the late 1970s a conflict over policy broke out in the party. The traditional opponents of the social market economy were confronted by a new ecologist wing of the party.

Green Liberal Phase

In the mid-1980s the ecologist wing of the party became the most dominant. Already in 1982 members of the green and social liberal wings of the party resigned. Since the biggest financial backer of the party, Migros, had ideological problems with the ecological wing of the party it massively reduced its donations to the party. Due to financial problems the daily newspaper of the party Die Tat (The Deed) had to be converted to a weekly newspaper. The party lost its profile and its voters switched to new parties and protest groups (Green Party, Car Party).

Decline and Disbandment

The party continued to lose more and more of its voters to the Social Democratic and Green parties. In the 1990s, the party tried unsuccessfully to win back these voters by returning to their social liberal roots. Following numerous election loses and defections of prominent politicians to other parties, the LdU disbanded on December 4, 1999.

Chairmen
  • 1936–1962 Gottlieb Duttweiler (Zürich)
  • 1962–1973 Rudolf Suter (Basel)
  • 1973–1978 Claudius Alder (Basel-Country)
  • 1978–1985 Walter Biel (Zürich)
  • 1985–1992 Franz Jaeger (St. Gallen)
  • 1992–1996 Monika Weber (Zürich)
  • 1996–1998 Daniel Andres (Berne)
  • 1999 Anton Schaller (Zürich)

Notable politicians

References
  1. Amir Abedi (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A comparative analysis. Routledge. p. 69.
  2. Francis Jacobs (1989). Switzerland. Western European Political Parties: A comprehensive guide. Longman. p. 656.
  3. D.L. Seiler (1988). Liberal parties in Switzerland. Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 368.
  4. Heinrich August Winkler (2015). The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West 1914–1945. Yale University Press. p. 320.
  5. Lachner, Andreas (2006), "Das Parteiensystem der Schweiz", Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas, VS Verlag, p. 400

Works cited

  • J. Meynaud/A. Korff: Die Migros und die Politik. Der LdU. Zürich 1967
  • H.G. Ramseier: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung des LdU bis 1943. Zürich, 1973
  • E. Gruner: Die Parteien in der Schweiz. Bern, 1977
  • Frank Wende: Lexikon zur Geschichte der Parteien in Europa. Seiten 614/615. Stuttgart 1981. ISBN 3-520-81001-8
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