Allyl chloride

Allyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CH2=CHCH2Cl. This colorless liquid is insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents. It is mainly converted to epichlorohydrin, used in the production of plastics. It is a chlorinated derivative of propylene. It is an alkylating agent, which makes it both useful and hazardous to handle.[4]

Allyl chloride
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Chloroprop-1-ene
Other names
3-Chloropropene
1-Chloro-2-propene[1]
3-Chloropropylene[1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.144
EC Number
  • 209-675-8
KEGG
RTECS number
  • UC7350000
UNII
UN number 1100
Properties
C3H5Cl
Molar mass 76.52 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless, brown, yellow, or purple liquid[1]
Odor pungent, unpleasant[1]
Density 0.94 g/mL
Melting point −135 °C (−211 °F; 138 K)
Boiling point 45 °C (113 °F; 318 K)
0.36 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility soluble in ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform
Vapor pressure 295 mmHg[1]
1.4055
Viscosity 0.3130 mPa·s[2]
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word Danger
H225, H302, H312, H315, H319, H332, H335, H341, H351, H373, H400
P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+312, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+312, P304+340, P305+351+338, P308+313, P312, P314
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineHealth code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasReactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
3
1
Flash point −32 °C (−26 °F; 241 K)
390 °C (734 °F; 663 K)
Explosive limits 2.9–11.2%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
11000 mg/m3 (rat, 2 hr)
11500 mg/m3 (mouse, 2 hr)
5800 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 2 hr)
22500 mg/m3 (rabbit, 2 hr)
10500 mg/m3 (cat, 2 hr)[3]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)
ST 2 ppm (6 mg/m3)[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 250 ppm[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Production

Laboratory scale

Allyl chloride was first produced in 1857 by Auguste Cahours and August Hofmann by reacting allyl alcohol with phosphorus trichloride.[5][4] Modern preparation protocols economize this approach, replacing relatively expensive phosphorus trichloride with hydrochloric acid and a catalyst such as copper(I) chloride.[6]

Industrial scale

Allyl chloride is produced by the chlorination of propylene. At lower temperatures, the main product is 1,2-dichloropropane, but at 500 °C, allyl chloride predominates, being formed via a free radical reaction:

CH3CH=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2CH=CH2 + HCl

An estimated 800,000 metric tons were produced this way in 1997.[4]

Reactions and uses

The great majority of allyl chloride is converted to epichlorohydrin.[4] Other commercially significant derivatives include allyl alcohol, allylamine, allyl isothiocyanate (synthetic mustard oil),[7] and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane.

As an alkylating agent, it is useful in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, such as mustard oil.

Illustrative reactions

Illustrative of its reactivity is its cyanation to allyl cyanide (CH2=CHCH2CN).[8] Being a reactive alkyl halide, it undergoes reductive coupling to give diallyl:[9]

2 ClCH2CH=CH2 + Mg → (CH2)2(CH=CH2)2 + MgCl2

It undergoes oxidative addition to palladium(0) to give allylpalladium chloride dimer, (C3H5)2Pd2Cl2. Dehydrohalogenation gives cyclopropene.

Safety

Allyl chloride is highly toxic and flammable. Eye effects may be delayed and may lead to possible impairment of vision.[10]

See also
  • International Chemical Safety Card 0010
  • NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0018". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  • IARC Monograph *Allyl chloride.

References
  1. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0018". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. Viswanath, D.S.; Natarajan, G. (1989). Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-89116-778-1.
  3. "Allyl chloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. Ludger Krähling, Jürgen Krey, Gerald Jakobson, Johann Grolig, Leopold Miksche “Allyl Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. Published online: 15 June 2000.
  5. Hofmann. Augustus William and Cahours. Augustus (1857) "Researches on a new class of alcohols," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 147: 555–574 ; see pp. 558–559.
  6. Furniss, Brian; Hannaford, Antony; Smith, Peter; Tatchell, Austin (1996). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). London: Longman Science & Technical. pp. 558. ISBN 9780582462366.
  7. F. Romanowski, H. Klenk "Thiocyanates and Isothiocyanates, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_749
  8. J. V. Supniewski & P. L. Salzberg (1941). "Allyl Cyanide". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 1, p. 46
  9. Amos Turk; Henry Chanan (1947). "Biallyl". Org. Synth. 27: 7. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0007.
  10. International Programme on Chemical Safety & the Commission of the European Communities. "Allyl Chloride". International Chemical Safety Cards. © IPCS CEC 1993. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
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