Aminodeoxychorismate synthase

In enzymology, an aminodeoxychorismate synthase (EC 2.6.1.85) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

chorismate + L-glutamine 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + L-glutamate
4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase
Aminodeoxychorismate synthase
Identifiers
EC number2.6.1.85
CAS number132264-37-0
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are chorismate and L-glutamine, whereas its two products are 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate and L-glutamate.[1][2][3][4]

It is part of a pathway for the biosynthesis of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA); a precursor for the production of folates. Folates are family of cofactors that are essential for living organisms. Folate cofactors are used in several one-carbon transfer reactions required during the synthesis of essential metabolites, including methionine and thymidylate.[1]

Aminodeoxychorismate synthase (PabB), a 51 kDa protein in E. coli, is encoded by the gene pabB.[2] 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate, the product of PabB, can be converted to para-aminobenzoic acid by the enzyme 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase (PabC).

Nonmenclature

This enzyme belongs to the class of transferases. This means that aminodeoxychorismate synthase catalyzes the transfer of one functional group from a molecule to another. Specifically, aminodeoxychorismate synthase is a transaminase that transfers an amino group to a keto acid. The systematic name is Chorismate:L-glutamine aminotransferase. Formerly aminodeoxychorismate synthase was referred to as PABA synthase; however this name is no longer recommended[5] as it is understood that the formation of PABA requires the action of a further enzyme (4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase).

Common names that the enzyme goes by are:[6]

  • Aminodeoxychorismate synthase
  • ADC synthase
  • 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase
  • PabB

Reaction

In certain microbial species such as Escherichia coli, aminodeoxychorismate synthase is a heterodimeric complex composed of two proteins, glutamine amidotransferase (PabA) and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (PabB). In other species such as plants or lower eukaryotes an enzyme comprising a single polypeptide performs both reactions.

In Escherichia coli, the reaction is a two step process. Glutamine amidotransferase (PabA) and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (PabB) form a heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the synthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate. The first step occurs with PabA abstracting ammonia from glutamine. The second step occurs when PabB reacts both substrates (chorismate and ammonia) to synthesize 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate.

In plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, aminodeoxychorismate synthase is a monomeric enzyme that carries out both steps of the reaction.[1]

Structure

Aminodeoxychorismate synthase (PabB) is either a heterodimeric or monomeric enzyme depending on what organism it is from. The enzyme has 452-residues and consists of both alpha and beta folds that is very similar to some types of anthranilate synthase. The core of PabB consists of two domains that form a beta sandwich. Also, it has helices and loops around the outside of its core.[3] The chorismate binding site on PabB consists of amino acids residues that make up beta sheet core and the two key alpha helices.[4]

Certain aminodeoxychorismate synthase enzymes contain an additional binding site for tryptophan, thought to be a non-functional vestigial binding site. It is believed that aminodeoxychorismate synthase may have evolved from anthranilate synthase (TrpE) - an enzyme that catalyses the production of an intermediate on the path to tryptophan.[3]

Homologues

Enzymes with similar structures to aminodeoxychorismate synthase are:

A common feature among this list of enzymes is that they all utilize chorismate as a substrate.

Anti-folate drug target

Aminodeoxychorismate synthase is targeted by the antibiotics atrop-abyssomycin C and 6-fluoroshikimic acid. By inhibiting the production of an intermediate on the pathway to PABA, folate levels are depleted. Without sufficient folate, DNA and protein synthesis are severely impaired.

References
  1. SAHR, Tobias (May 15, 2006). "Folate synthesis in plants: purification, kinetic properties, and inhibition of aminodeoxychorismate synthase". Biochem. J. 396 (1): 157–62. doi:10.1042/BJ20051851. PMC 1449997. PMID 16466344.
  2. Ye, Qi-Zhuang (August 23, 1990). "p-Aminobenzoate synthesis in Escherichia coli: Purification and characterization of PabB as aminodeoxychorosmate synthase and enzyme X as aminodeoxychorismate lyase". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 (23): 9391–5. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.9391Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.23.9391. PMC 55171. PMID 2251281.
  3. Parsons, James (November 21, 2001). "Structure of Escherichia coli Aminodeoxychorismate Synthase: Architectural Conservation and Diversity in Chorismate-Utilizing Enzymes". Biochemistry. 41 (7): 2198–2208. doi:10.1021/bi015791b. PMID 11841211.
  4. Bera, Asim (December 21, 2013). "Structure of Aminodeoxychorismate Synthase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia". Biochemistry. 51 (51): 10208–17. doi:10.1021/bi301243v. PMC 3532939. PMID 23230967.
  5. Green JM, Nichols BP (1991). "p-Aminobenzoate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Purification of aminodeoxychorismate lyase and cloning of pabC". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (20): 12971–5. PMID 2071583.
  6. "ENZYME: 2.6.1.85". KEGG.
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