Antoine Clot

Antoine Clot
Antoine Clot
	Antoine Barthelemy Clot (1793-1868)
Born	Antoine Barthelemy Clot; November 7, 1793; Grenoble
Died	August 28, 1868 (aged 74); Marseilles
Nationality	French
Other names	Clot Bey
Occupation	doctor

Antoine Barthelemy Clot (7 November 1793 – 28 August 1868) was a French doctor known as Clot Bey while practicing in Egypt.

Portrait of Clot in Egyptian Army uniform.

Early life and education

He was born at Grenoble. In 1823, he graduated in medicine and surgery at Montpellier. His thesis for Doctor of Surgery was entitled Dangers of the Instrumental Manipulation in Obstetrical Delivery. [1]

Efforts in Egypt

Clot in Egyptian army uniform teaching the first modern Anatomy lesson at Abu-Zaabal on 20 June 1829. The lesson was attended by some Sheikhs from al-Azhar.

During the French occupation of Egypt, Napoleon designated Kasr al-Aini a hospital for his troops in 1799, and then afterwards proposed the opening of a school to teach local Egyptian students the medicine required to treat the troops. This is how, after practicing for a time at Marseilles, Clot was invited by Muhammad Ali, Viceroy of Egypt to direct the Kasr al-Aini (Qasral-‘Ayni) School of Medicine at the Army hospital of Abou Zabel which later transferred to Cairo.[2]

The Viceroy of Egypt was determined to keep his army in good health and had sent emissaries to recruit doctors in Europe. On 24 January 1825, Clot sailed for Cairo on the Bonne Emilie with 20 other European doctors destined to assist him. Clot arrived in Egypt with the title of Surgeon-in-Chief of the Armies. As there was no medical care system in Egypt at that time, he began by instituting French Army regulations for the Egyptian army camps.[1]

The Army Medical School had a difficult beginning with religious officials set against dissection of corpses for anatomy lessons, but this was the foundation for modern medicine in Egypt.[3] Clot was made chief surgeon to Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, at Abu Zabal, near Cairo.[4] He shaped the Kasr El Aini Hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction, as well as facilities for the study of the French language; and, notwithstanding the most serious religious difficulties, instituted the study of anatomy by means of dissection.[5][6]

In 1832, Muhammad Ali allowed Clot to establish a School of Medicine for women;[7] In the same year, Muhammad Ali gave him the distinction of bey without requiring him to abjure his religion. In 1836 he received the rank of general, and was appointed head of medical administration for the entire country.[5]

Return to France

Tomb of Clot-bey at Marseilles, France.

In 1849 he returned to Marseilles, though he revisited Egypt in 1856.[5] He died in Marseilles in 1868, aged 74.

Publications

Relation des épidémies de choléra qui ont régné de l'Heggaz, à Suez, et en Égypte (1832)
De La Peste observée en Égypte (1840)
Aperçu général sur l'Égypte (1840)
Coup d'oeil sur la peste et les quarantaines (1851)
De l'ophthalmie (1864)
Leçon sur la peste d'Égypte
Mémoires de A.-B. Clot Bey (ed Jacques Tagher) (1949)

Legacy

A street in his hometown of Grenoble was named after him.
A street in Marseille where he studied and lived was named after him.
A street in down town Cairo was named after him.[8]
Many statues of him are present at Kasr El Aini Hospital and in its museum.
The thick-billed lark (Rhamphocoris clotbey), a North African and Middle Eastern desert bird, was named in Clot's honour by naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.

References

Burrow, G. N. (1975). "Clot-Bey: Founder of Medical Practice in Egypt". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (48): 251–257.
Chisholm 1911.
Merruau, M. P. (1860). L'Egypte Contemporaine de Mehemet-ali a Said Pacha. Paris: Librairie Internationale. p. 84.
Myntti (1989). "Medical Education: The Struggle for Relevance". Middle East Report. 161 (161): 11–15. doi:10.2307/3012742. JSTOR 3012742.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clot, Antoine Barthélemy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–557.
"Photo of Clot Bey teaching anatomy". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
Kuhnke, L. (1990). "Women Health Officers". Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 122–133. ISBN 9780520063648.
"Clot Bey street in Egypt tour". National Geographic Traveler. Retrieved 12 July 2008.

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[Burrow,_Gerard_N._1975_p._253-1] Burrow, G. N. (1975). "Clot-Bey: Founder of Medical Practice in Egypt". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (48): 251–257.

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2] Chisholm 1911.

[3] Merruau, M. P. (1860). L'Egypte Contemporaine de Mehemet-ali a Said Pacha. Paris: Librairie Internationale. p. 84.

[4] Myntti (1989). "Medical Education: The Struggle for Relevance". Middle East Report. 161 (161): 11–15. doi:10.2307/3012742. JSTOR 3012742.

[EB1911-5] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clot, Antoine Barthélemy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–557.

[6] "Photo of Clot Bey teaching anatomy". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.

[7] Kuhnke, L. (1990). "Women Health Officers". Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 122–133. ISBN 9780520063648.

[8] "Clot Bey street in Egypt tour". National Geographic Traveler. Retrieved 12 July 2008.