Aqaba
Aqaba (English: /ˈækəbə/,[2] also US: /ˈɑːk-/;[3] Arabic: العقبة, romanized: al-ʿAqaba, al-ʿAgaba, pronounced [æl ˈʕæqaba, alˈʕagaba]) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba.[4] Situated in southernmost Jordan, Aqaba is the administrative centre of the Aqaba Governorate.[5] The city had a population of 148,398 in 2015 and a land area of 375 square kilometres (144.8 sq mi).[6] Today, Aqaba plays a major role in the development of the Jordanian economy, through the vibrant trade and tourism sectors. The Port of Aqaba also serves other countries in the region.[7]
Aqaba
العَقبة | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Clockwise from the left top: Aqaba's skyline, Aqaba Fort and Aqaba Fields, Al-Hammamat Al-Tunisyya Street in Down Town, Resort in Aqaba, Ayla old City, Aqaba Port, Aqaba Flagpole. | |
 Seal | |
| Nickname(s): The Bride of the Red Sea | |
 | |
  Aqaba | |
| Coordinates: 29°31′55″N 35°00′20″E | |
| Country |  Jordan |
| Governorate | Aqaba Governorate |
| Founded | 4000 BC |
| Authority | 2001 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 375 km2 (145 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2015) | |
| • Total | 148,398[1] |
| • Density | 502/km2 (1,300/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Aqabawi |
| Time zone | +2 Eastern European Standard Time |
| • Summer (DST) | +3 Arabia Standard Time |
| Postal code | 77110 |
| Area code(s) | +(962)3 |
| Website | Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority Aqaba Tourism Official Website |
Aqaba's strategic location at the northeastern tip of the Red Sea between the continents of Asia and Africa, has made its port important over the course of thousands of years.[7]
The ancient city was called Elath, adopted in Latin as Aela and in Arabic as Ayla. Its strategic location and proximity to copper mines made it a regional hub for copper production and trade in the Chalcolithic period.[8] Aela became a bishopric under Byzantine rule and later became a Latin Catholic titular see after Islamic conquest around AD 650, when it became known as Ayla; the name Aqaba is late medieval.[9] The Great Arab Revolt's Battle of Aqaba, depicted in the film Lawrence of Arabia,[10] resulted in victory for Arab forces over the Ottoman defenders.[11]
Aqaba's location next to Wadi Rum and Petra has placed it in Jordan's golden triangle of tourism, which strengthened the city's location on the world map and made it one of the major tourist attractions in Jordan.[12] The city is administered by the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority, which has turned Aqaba into a low-tax, duty-free city, attracting several mega projects like Ayla Oasis, Saraya Aqaba, Marsa Zayed and expansion of the Port of Aqaba.[13] They are expected to turn the city into a major tourism hub in the region.[14] However, industrial and commercial activities remain important, due to the strategic location of the city as the country's only seaport.[15]
Name
The name of the city was anciently Elath, Ailath. The name is presumably derived from the Semitic name of the Pistacia tree.[16] Modern Eilat (established 1947), situated about 5 km north-west of Aqaba, also takes its name from the ancient settlement. In the Hellenistic period, it was renamed Berenice (in Greek Βερενίκη), but the original name survived, and under Roman rule was re-introduced in the forms Aela or Haila, adopted in Byzantine Greek as Άιλα Aila and in Arabic as Ayla (آيلة).[17]
The present name al-ʿAqaba (العقبة) is a shortened from al-ʿaqabat Aylah (آيلة العقبة) "the mountain-pass of Ayla", first mentioned in the 12th century by Idrisi, at a time when the settlement had been mostly reduced to a military stronghold, properly referring to the pass just to the north-east of the settlement (29.559°N 35.095°E, now traversed by Aqaba Highway).[18][19]
History
Nearby Chalcolithic sites
Excavations at two tells (archaeological mounds) Tall Hujayrat Al-Ghuzlan and Tall Al-Magass, both a few kilometres north of modern-day Aqaba city, revealed inhabited settlements from c. 4000 BC during the Chalcolithic period, with thriving copper production on a large scale.[20] This period is largely unknown due to the absence of written historical sources.[8] University of Jordan archaeologists have discovered the sites, where they found a small building whose walls were inscribed with human and animal drawings, suggesting that the building was used as a religious site. The people who inhabited the site had developed an extensive water system in irrigating their crops which were mostly made up of grapes, olives and wheat. Several different-sized clay pots were also found suggesting that copper production was a major industry in the region, the pots being used in melting the copper and reshaping it. Scientific studies performed on-site revealed that it had undergone two earthquakes, with the latter one leaving the site completely destroyed.[21]
Elath
The Edomites, who ruled over Edom just south of the Dead Sea, are believed to have built the first port in Aqaba called Elath around 1500 BC, turning it into a major hub for the trade of copper as the Phoenicians helped them develop their maritime economy. They profited from its strategic location at the junction of trading routes between Asia and Africa.
Tell el-Kheleifeh
Archaeologists have investigated an Iron Age settlement at Tell el-Kheleifeh, immediately west of Aqaba, inhabited between the 8th and 4th centuries BCE.[22]
Undefined
Around 735 BC, the city was conquered by the Assyrian empire. Because of the wars, the Assyrian empire had in the east, its trading routes were diverted to the city and the port witnessed relative prosperity. The Babylonians conquered it in 600 BC. During this time, Elath witnessed great economic growth, which is attributed to the business background of its rulers who realized how important the city's location was. The Persian Achaemenid Empire took the city in 539 BC.[23]
Hellenistic period
The city continued to grow and prosper which made it a major trading hub by the time of the Greek rule by 300 BC, after the Wars of Alexander the Great, it was described by a Greek historian to be "one of the most important trading cities in the Arab World".[23] The Ptolemaic Greeks called it Berenice.[24]
The Nabatean kingdom had its capital north of the city, at Petra.
Roman period
In 64 BC, following the Roman conquest, they annexed the city and called it Aela (also Haila, Aelana, in Greek rendered Άιλα Aila).[25]gar[22]
Both Petra and Aela were under strong Nabatean influence despite the Roman rule. Aela reached its peak during Roman times, the great long-distance road the Via Traiana Nova led south from Bostra through Amman, terminating in Aela, where it connected with a west road leading to the Paralia and Roman Egypt.
Around AD 106 Aela was one of the main ports for the Romans.[26]
Late Roman and Byzantine periods
The Aqaba Church was constructed under Roman rule between 293 and 303 and is considered to be the oldest known purpose-built Christian church in the world.[27] By the time of Eusebius, Aela became the garrison of the Legio X Fretensis, which was moved to Aela from Jerusalem.[28]
One of the oldest known texts written in the Arabic alphabet is a late 4th-century inscription found in Jabal Ram 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Aqaba.[29]
The city became a Christian bishopric at an early stage. Its bishop Peter was present at the First Council of Nicaea,[30] the first ecumenical council, in 325. Beryllus was at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and Paul at the synod called by Patriarch Peter of Jerusalem in 536 against Patriarch Anthimus I of Alexandria, a council attended by bishops of the Late Roman provinces of Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda and Palaestina Tertia, to the last-named of which Aela belonged.[31][32]
A citadel was also built in the area that became the focal point of the Roman southern defense system.
In the 6th century, Procopius of Caesarea mentioned a Jewish population in Eilat and its surroundings which enjoyed autonomy until the time of Justinian I (r. 527–565).
According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad himself reached Aila during the expedition of Tabuk of 630, and extracted tribute from the city.[33]
During the Late Byzantine or even Early Muslim period, Aila was the origin of what came to be known as the Ayla-Axum Amphoras.
Early Muslim period
Aila fell to the Islamic armies by 650, and the ancient settlement was left to decay, while a new Arab city was established outside its walls under Uthman ibn Affan,[34] known as Ayla (Arabic: آيلة).
The Early Muslim city was excavated in 1986 by a team from the University of Chicago. Artefacts are now on exhibit at Aqaba Archaeological Museum and Jordan Archaeological Museum in Amman. The fortified city was inscribed in a rectangle of 170 × 145 meters, with walls 2.6 meters thick and 4.5 meters high, surrounding a fortified structure, occupying an area of 35 × 55 meters. 24 towers defended the city. The city had four gates on all four sides, defining two main lines intersecting at the centre. The intersection of these two thoroughfares was indicated by a tetrapylon (a four-way arch), which was later transformed into a luxury residential building decorated with frescoes dated to the tenth century. This type of urban structure, called MSIR, is typical of early Islamic fortified settlements.
Early Muslim Ayla
Early Muslim Ayla
The city prospered from 661 to 750 under the Ummayads and beyond under the Abbasids (750–970) and the Fatimids (970–1116). Ayla took advantage of its key position as an important step on the road to India and Arab spices (frankincense, myrrh), between the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Peninsula. The city is also mentioned in several stories of the Arabian Nights.
The geographer Shams Eddin Muqaddasi describes Ayla as nearby the ruined ancient city.[35]
The city was mentioned in Medieval Arabic sources as having a mixed population of Jews and Christians. It subsequently became an important station for pilgrim caravans on the way to Mecca.[36]
Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
Baldwin I of Jerusalem took over the city in 1116 without much resistance. The centre of the city then moved to 500 meters along the coast to the south, and the crusader fortress of Helim was built, as well as Pharaoh's Island (now in Egyptian territorial waters about 7 kilometres (4 miles) west of Aqaba). The city declined in the late 12th century due to earthquakes and attacks by Bedouins.
Ayla remained under the control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1116 until 1187, when it was captured by Saladin. The settlement by this point had essentially disappeared, and the site became known after the nearby mountain-pass, as al-ʿAqaba.
The old fort was rebuilt, as Aqaba Fortress, by Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri in the early 16th century. For the next four centuries, the site was a simple fishing village of little importance.
Modern history
During World War I, the Ottoman forces were forced to withdraw from Aqaba in 1917 after the Battle of Aqaba, led by T. E. Lawrence and the Arab forces of Auda Abu Tayi and Sherif Nasir. The capture of Aqaba allowed the British to supply the Arab forces.[11] In 1918, the regions of Aqaba and Ma'an were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of the Hejaz. In 1925, Ibn Saud the ruler of Nejd with the help of his Wahhabi Ikhwan troops successfully annexed the Hejaz, but gave up the Ma'an and Aqaba to the British protectorate of Transjordan.[37]
Lawrence of Arabia on a camel in Aqaba in 1917._Akkaba._Closer_view_LOC_matpc.17054.jpg.webp)
Aqaba in 1937
1822 area map by Eduard Rüppell, modern borders overlaid. His "Ruines d'Elana" is the site of Tell el-Kheleifeh.
In 1965, King Hussein, through an exchange deal with Saudi Arabia, gave 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 square miles) of desert-land in Jordanian territories in exchange for other territories, including 12 kilometres (7 miles) of an extension of prime coastline south of Aqaba, which included the magnificent Yamanieh coral reef.[38] Aqaba was a major site for imports of Iraqi goods in the 1980s until the Persian Gulf War.[39]
Geography
The city lies at Jordan's southernmost point, on the Gulf of Aqaba lying at the tip of the Red Sea. Its strategic location is shown in the fact that it is located at the crossroads of the continents of Asia and Africa, while bordering Israel, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.[40]
Climate
Aqaba has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with a warm winter and a hot dry summer.
| Climate data for Aqaba | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.3 (95.5) |
38.5 (101.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.6 (103.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.3 (82.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.0 (91.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.5 (0.18) |
3.7 (0.15) |
3.4 (0.13) |
1.8 (0.07) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.0 (0.12) |
2.4 (0.09) |
4.9 (0.19) |
24.7 (0.97) |
| Average precipitation days | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 9.6 |
| Source: Jordan Meteorological Department | |||||||||||||
Local government
In August 2000, the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) was established which acted as the statutory institution empowered with administrative, fiscal, regulatory and economic responsibilities.[41]
Administrative divisions
Jordan is divided into 12 administrative divisions, each called a Governorate. Aqaba Governorate divides into 3 Districts, some of which are divided into Subdistricts and further divided into villages.
Economy
Benefiting from its location and status as Jordan's special economic zone, Aqaba's economy is based on the tourism and port industry sectors.[4][7] The economic growth in Aqaba is higher than the average economic growth in the country. Under the special economic zone status some investments and trades are exempted from taxation, as a result, new resorts, housing developments, and retail outlets are being constructed. New projects such as Tala Bay and Saraya al Aqaba are constructed aiming at providing high-end vacation and residential homes to locals and foreigners alike.
Aqaba's location next to Wadi Rum and Petra has placed it in Jordan's golden triangle of tourism, which strengthened the city's location on the world map and made it one of the major tourist attractions in Jordan.[12] The city is administered by the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority, which has turned Aqaba into a low-tax, duty-free city, attracting several mega projects like Ayla Oasis, Saraya Aqaba, Marsa Zayed and expansion of the Port of Aqaba.[13] They are expected to turn the city into a major tourism hub in the region.[14] However, industrial and commercial activities remain important, due to the strategic location of the city as the country's only seaport.[15]
Over US$20 billion have been invested in Aqaba since 2001 when the Special Economic Zone was established. Along with tourism projects, Aqaba has also attracted global logistic companies such as APM Terminals and Agility to invest in logistics, which boosted the city's status as a transport and logistics hub. There are numerous hotels that reside in Aqaba but new hotels are also under construction.
Aqaba is the only seaport of Jordan so virtually all of Jordan's exports depart from here. Heavy machinery industry is also flourishing in the city with regional assembly plants being located in Aqaba such as the Land Rover Aqaba Assembly Plant. By 2008 the ASEZ had attracted $18bn in committed investments, beating its $6bn target by 2020 by a third and more in less than a decade. The goal was adjusted to bring in another $12bn by 2020, but in 2009 alone, deals worth $14bn were inked.[42] Some projects currently under construction are:
- Marsa Zayed a $10 billion is the largest mega mixed-use development project ever envisioned in both Jordan and the region. Marsa Zayed will host facilities including residential neighborhoods, commercial outlets and amenities, entertainment venues, financial and business facilities, and a number of hotels. Additionally, the property will feature marinas and a cruise ship terminal. Marsa Zayed will encompass 6.4 million square meters of built-up property.
- Saraya Aqaba, a $1.5 billion resort with a man made lagoon, luxury hotels, villas, and townhouses that will be completed by 2017.
- Ayla Oasis, a $1.5 billion resort around a man made lagoon with hotels, villas, an 18-hole golf course designed by Greg Norman. It also has an Arabian Venice theme with apartment buildings built along canals only accessible by walkway or boat. This project will be completed by 2017.
- Tala Bay, Tala Bay was developed in a distinctive architectural style that blends Jordanian and regional architecture with total cost of US$680 million. Another distinguishing feature of this single community resort is its two-kilometer private sandy beach on the Red Sea.
- The Red Sea Astrarium (TRSA), the world's only Star Trek themed park, worth $1.5 billion would have been completed by 2014 but cancelled in 2015.
- Port relocation. Aqaba's current port will be relocated to the southernmost part of the province near the Saudi border. Its capacity will surpass that of the current port. The project costs $5 billion, and it will be completed by 2013.
- Aqaba will be connected by the national rail system which will be completed by 2013. The rail project will connect Aqaba with all Jordan's main cities and economic centers and several countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria.
- The Aqaba Container Terminal (ACT) handled a record 587,530 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2008, an increase of 41.6% on the previous year. To accommodate the rise in trade on the back of the increasing popularity of container shipping and the stabilising political situation in Iraq, the Aqaba Development Corporation (ADC) has announced plans for a new port. The port relocation 20 kilometres (12 miles) to the south will cost an estimated $600m and will improve infrastructure, while freeing up space for development in the city. Plans for upgrading the King Hussein International Airport (KHIA) and the development of a logistics centre will also help position Aqaba as a regional hub for trade and transport.[42]
Tourism
Aqaba has a number of luxury hotels, including in the Tala Bay resort 20 km further to the south, which service those who come for fun on the beaches as well as Scuba diving. It also offers activities which take advantage of its desert location. Its many coffee shops offer mansaf and knafeh, and baqlawa desserts. Another very popular venue is the Turkish Bath (Hamam) built in 306 AD, in which locals and visitors alike come to relax after a hot day.
In 2006, the Tourism Division of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) reported that the number of tourists visiting the Zone in 2006 rose to about 432,000, an increase of 5% over previous year. Approximately 65%, or 293,000 were Jordanians. Of foreign tourists, Europeans visited the Zone in the largest numbers, with about 98,000 visiting during the year. The division has financed tourism advertising and media campaigns with the assistance of the European Union.[43]
During national holidays, Jordanians from the north, particularly Amman and Irbid, flock to Aqaba's luxury resorts and sandy beaches. During these holiday weekends, hotel occupancy reaches 100%.
Aqaba has been chosen for the site of a new waterfront building project that would rebuild Aqaba with new man-made water structures, new high-rise residential and office buildings, and more tourist services to place Aqaba on the investment map and challenge other centers of waterfront development throughout the region.
Aqaba was chosen as the Arab Tourism City of 2011.[44][45][46][47]
During the 5-day holiday at both the end of Ramadan and Eid Al-Adha, Jordanian and western expats flock into the city with numbers reaching up to 50,000 visitors. During this time the occupancy rate of most hotels there reaches as high as 90%, and are often fully booked.[48]
It is to be noted that the several development projects (i.e. Ayla, Saraya etc.) now taking place in Aqaba provide “opportunities of empowerment” for local populations that want to expand their agency within the city. According to Fulbright scholar Kimberly Cavanagh development projects will help exhibit the ways global- local partnerships and the resultant cultural exchanges, can result in mutually beneficial outcomes.[49]
Demographics
The city of Aqaba has one of the highest population growth rates in Jordan in 2011, and only 44% of the buildings in the city had been built before 1990.[50] A special census for Aqaba city was carried by the Jordanian department of statistics in 2007, the total population of Aqaba by the census of 2007 was 98,400. The 2011 population estimate is 136,200. The results of the census compared to the national level are indicated as follows:
| Demographic data of the city of Aqaba (2007) compared to Kingdom of Jordan nationwide[50] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aqaba City (2007) | Jordan (2004 census) | |||||||||
| 1 | Total population | 98,400 | 5,350,000 | |||||||
| 2 | Growth rate | 4.3% | 2.3% | |||||||
| 3 | Male to Female ratio | 56.1 to 43.9 | 51.5 to 48.5 | |||||||
| 4 | Ratio of Jordanians to Foreign Nationals | 82.1 to 17.9 | 93 to 7 | |||||||
| 5 | Number of households | 18,425 | 946,000 | |||||||
| 6 | Persons per household | 4.9 | 5.3 | |||||||
| 7 | Percent of population below 15 years of age | 35.6% | 37.3% | |||||||
| 8 | Percent of population over 65 years of age | 1.7% | 3.2% | |||||||
Religion
ِIslam represents the majority of the population of Aqaba, but Christianity still exists today. Approximately 5,000 Christian families live in the city.[51] There are several churches in the city and one Christian school called Rosary Sisters School Aqaba.[52][53]
Cityscape
Residential buildings in Aqaba are made up of 4 stories, of which are covered with sandstone or limestone. The city has no high-rises; however, Marsa Zayed project is planned to dramatically change that reality through the construction of several high-rise towers that host hotels, residential units, offices and clinics.
Culture
Museums
The largest museum in Aqaba is the Aqaba Archaeological Museum.
Lifestyle
Aqaba has recently experienced a great growth in its nightlife, especially during the dramatic increase of tourist number in the 2000s.
Cuisine
The fact that the city is the only coastal city in Jordan has created a distinctive cuisine relative to other Jordanian cities. Main dishes include Sayadeyah, a combination of rice, fish and spices, a dish common among Arab coastal cities. Kishnah is fish, tomatoes and onions cooked together. Bukhari is made up of rice, meat, hummus beans, ghee and spices popular with wedding ceremonies. Aqabawi desserts include Al-Hooh, which consists of layers of pastry stuffed with nuts or dates that are then fried in ghee and dipped in sugar syrup. Dates and ghee, consisting of fresh dates dipped in ghee, is a simple dessert also commonly presented to guests.[54]
Transport
The Aqaba railway system is only used for cargo transportation and no longer functions for travelers, with the exception of the route to Wadi Rum.
Airports
King Hussein International Airport is the only civilian airport outside of Amman in the country, located to the north of Aqaba. It is a 20-minutes drive away from the city center. Regular flights are scheduled from Amman to Aqaba with an average flying time of 45 minutes which is serviced by Royal Jordanian Airlines and Jordan Aviation Airlines. Several international airlines connect the city to Istanbul, Dubai, Alexandria, Sharm el-Sheikh, and other destinations in Asia and Europe.[55]
Roads
Aqaba is connected by an 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) modern highway system to surrounding countries. The city is connected to the rest of Jordan by the Desert Highway and the King's Highway that provides access to the resorts and settlements on the Dead Sea.[55] Aqaba is connected to Eilat in Israel by taxi and bus services passing through the Wadi Araba crossing. And to Haql in Saudi Arabia by the Durra Border Crossing. There are many bus services between Aqaba and Amman and the other major cities in Jordan, JETT and Trust International are the most common lines. These tourist buses are spacious and installed with air conditioning and bathrooms.[56]
Port
The Port of Aqaba is the only port in Jordan. Regular ferry routes to Taba are available on a daily basis and are operated by several companies such as; Sindbad for Marine Transportation and Arab Bridge Maritime. The routes serve mainly the Egyptian coastal cities on the gulf like Taba and Sharm Al Sheikh.[55] In 2006, the port was ranked as being the "Best Container Terminal" in the Middle East by Lloyd's List. The port was chosen due to it being a transit cargo for other neighboring countries, its location between four countries and three continents, being an exclusive gateway for the local market and for the improvements it has recently witnessed.[57]
Wildlife
Aqaba's gulf is rich with marine life, around 500 species of fish inhabit the gulf, many of which are residents, like lion fish and octopus, while others are migratory, appearing mostly during the summer, such as the worlds fastest fish, the sailfish, as well as the worlds largest fish, the whale shark. Marine mammals and reptiles also inhabit the gulf during summer, hawksbill sea turtles, and bottle nosed dolphins call Aqaba's gulf home as well. A large number of predatory shark species used to inhabit Aqaba's gulf, due to over fishing and pollution, the shark population in Aqaba is in a decline, which are mostly deep water sharks such as tiger sharks, thresher sharks, and a small number of reef sharks. The short-fin mako shark is the most common shark caught by fishermen in Aqaba, which is also the world's fastest shark, whereas whale sharks have the most common sightings, locally known as Battan. Conservationists are working hard to protect Aqaba's shark population.[58][59]
Divers commonly stumble upon yellow-mouthed moray eels, blue spotted stingrays, eagle rays, napoleon wrasse, frogfish, groupers, barracuda, clownfish and many other colourful and exotic species.
The gulf of Aqaba hosts more than 390 bird species including migratory birds such as the greater flamingo, great white pelican and the pink-backed pelican.[60][61]
Education
The universities and institutes in Aqaba:
|
See Also: List of universities in Jordan
|
Twin towns – sister cities
Aqaba is twinned with:
Gallery
View of Aqaba
The Eastern Gate of the ruins of Ayla
Sunset
View of the city
References
- "The General Census – 2015" (PDF). Department of Population Statistics.
- Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
- "Aqaba". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- "العقبة.. مدينة الشمس والبـــحر والسلام". Ad Dustour (in Arabic). Ad Dustour. 1 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- "Fact Sheet". Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority. Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority. 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- Ghazal, Mohammad (22 January 2016). "Population stands at around 10.24 million, including 2.9 million guests". The Jordan Times. The Jordan News. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- "Port expansion strengthens Jordanian city of Aqaba's position as modern shipping hub". The Worldfolio. Worldfolio Ltd. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- Florian Klimscha (2011), Long-range Contacts in the Late Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant. Excavations at Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan and Tall al-Magass near Aqaba, Jordan, retrieved 22 April 2016
- "العقبة.. ثغر الاردن الباسم". Ad-Dustor Newspaper. Ad-Dustor Newspaper. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- "The Complete Guide to Lawrence's Arabia". Independent. 22 May 2004. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- "The Taking of Akaba – 1917 – T.E. Lawrence, Auda abu Tayi, Prince Feisal, Port of Aqaba". www.cliohistory.org.
- "Jordan tapping popularity of UEFA Champions League to promote tourism". The Jordan Times. The Jordan News. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- "King checks on Aqaba Mega-Projects". The Jordan Times. The Jordan News. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- "Aqaba has caught mega-project fever from its Gulf neighbours". Your Middle East. Your Middle East. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- Jean-Eric Aubert; Jean-Louis Reiffers (2003). Knowledge Economies in the Middle East and North Africa: Toward New Development Strategies. World Bank Publications. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8213-5701-9.
- Grinzweig, Michael (1993). Cohen, Meir; Schiller, Eli (eds.). "From the Items of the Name Eilat". Ariel (in Hebrew). Ariel Publishing (93–94: Eialat – Human, Sea and Desert): 110.
- The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art. AIRP. 2000. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-874044-35-2.
- Moshe Sharon (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae. 3. p. 89.
- Yoel Elitsur (2004). Ancient place names in the Holy Land. Magnes Press. p. 35.
- Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, المجلد 4. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9.
- "اكتشافات أثرية في موقع حجيرة الغزلان بوادي اليتيم في جنوب الأردن". Alghad (in Arabic). Alghad. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- "Aqaba". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- "The Beach of History (3700 BC to date)". aqaba.jo. AQABA. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- Mayhew, Bradley (April 2006) [1987]. Jordan (6 ed.). Footscray: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-789-3.
- In classical texts the Roman city is known as Aela, occasionally Haila or Aelana. Aela is the standard form of the name in Roman-era classical studies. See: Glen Warren Bowersock (1994). Roman Arabia. Harvard University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-674-77756-9. Neil Asher Silberman (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5. Averil Cameron; Peter Garnsey (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. 13. Cambridge University Press. p. 846. ISBN 978-0-521-30200-5. [Stéphanie Benoist (editor), Rome, A City and Its Empire in Perspective (BRILL 2012 ISBN 978-9-00423123-8), p. 128] Suzanne Richard, Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader (Eisenbrauns 2003 ISBN 978-1-57506083-5), p. 436
- "Atlas Tours". Atlas Tours. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- "First purpose-built church". Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- Hannah Cotton (editor), Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae (Walter de Gruyter 2010 ISBN 978-31-1022219-7), pp. 25–26 [Brian M. Fagan, Charlotte Beck (editors), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology] (Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-19507618-9), p. 617. Benjamin H. Isaac, The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers (BRILL 1998 ISBN 978-9-00410736-6), p. 336
- Di Taylor; Tony Howard (1997). Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum, Jordan. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-85284-254-3.
- Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century (Dumbarton Oaks, 1984) page 345.
- Siméon Vailhé, v. Aela, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. I, Paris 1909, coll. 647–648
- Siméon Vailhé, Notes de géographie ecclésiastique, in Échos d'Orient, tome 3, nº 6 (1900), pp. 337–338
- Francis E. Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 241.
- "The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago – Aqaba Project". Aqaba project. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
- "حفريات أثرية.. العقبة منطقة اقتصادية منذ 6 آلاف سنة". Al-Rai Newspaper. Al-Rai Newspaper. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- https://books.google.co.il/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&dq=Moshe+Gil+history+of+palestine&source=gbs_navlinks_s
- http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_transjordan.html
- "Aqaba". kinghussein.gov.jo. kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- Eliyahu Kanovsky (1992). The Economic Consequences of the Persian Gulf War: Accelerating Opec's Demise. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. ISBN 978-0-944029-18-3.
- "Location". aqaba.jo. aqaba.jo. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- "Aseza". Aqabazone.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- Archived 29 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- "Final Ann Rep Eng" (PDF). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- "King visits Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority | ASEZA". Aqabazone.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- "Arkia to operate flights to Aqaba – Israel Travel, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- "ATO: Jordan turned Aqaba into a distinguished city". Zawya. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- http://www.petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=1&Section=General%20News&Artical=172110. Retrieved 13 June 2010. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - "Over 50,000 vacationers visited Aqaba during Eid Al Adha". jordantimes.com. 29 September 2015.
- Cavanagh, Kimberly (15 May 2020). "Exploring the tourism development landscape in Aqaba". ACOR Jordan. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- "DoS Jordan Aqaba Census" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- "أبناء الطائفة المسيحية في العقبة يطالبون بمقعد نيابي". Al-Ghad Newspaper (in Arabic). Al-Ghad Newspaper. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- "Construction of a Church and Multi-Purpose Hall in Aqaba". lpj.org. lpj.org. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- "Raising awareness on solar energy among school students in El Aqaba governorate". NATIONAL ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER. NATIONAL ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- "Culture and Traditions". aqaba.jo. aqaba.jo. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- "Getting to Aqaba". aqaba.jo. aqaba.jo. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- Mayhew 2006, p. 226
- "Top 10 Middle East Ports". ArabianSupplyChain.com. 31 October 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- https://www.jreds.org/Portals/0/pdf/GIZ%20Booklet%206.10.2015.pdf
- http://divemagazine.co.uk/destinations/aqaba/6918-marine-life-aqaba
- https://aqaba.jo/Pages/Details/Attraction/1/Aqaba_Bird_Observatory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Jordan
- "Siglato gemellaggio tra Alcamo e il Governatore di Aqaba nel Regno della Giordania". alqamah.it (in Italian). Alqama H. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- "Coopération Internationale". nabeul.gov.tn (in French). Gouvernorat de Nabeul. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- "Международные и межрегиональные связи". gov.spb.ru (in Russian). Federal city of Saint Petersburg. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- "اتفاقية توأمة بين شرم الشيخ والعقبة". alghad.tv (in Arabic). Al Ghad. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- "Aqaba's twin city Urumchi donates medical equipment for COVID-19 response". adc.jo. Aqaba Development Corporation. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
Bibliography
- Mayhew, Bradley (April 2006) [1987]. Jordan (6 ed.). Footscray: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-789-3.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aqaba. |
 |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Aqaba. |
Authority control  |
|---|