Articular bone

The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as ancestral mammals.

Mammalian and non-mammalian jaws. In the mammal configuration, the quadrate and articular bones are much smaller and form part of the middle ear. Note that in mammals the lower jaw consists of only the dentary bone.

Anatomy

In most animals, the articular bone is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular.[1] Developmentally, it originates from the embryonic mandibular cartilage. The most caudal portion of the mandibular cartilage ossifies to form the articular bone, while the remainder of the mandibular cartilage either remains cartilaginous or disappears.[1]

In snakes

In snakes, the articular, surangular, and prearticular bones have fused to form the compound bone. The mandible is suspended from the quadrate bone and articulates at this compound bone.[2]

Function

In amphibians and reptiles

In most tetrapods, the articular bone forms the lower portion of the jaw joint. The upper jaw articulates at the quadrate bone. [3]

In mammals

In mammals, the articular bone evolves to form the malleus, one of the mammalian ossicles of the middle ear. This is an apomorphy of the mammalian clade,[4] and is used to determine the fossil transition to mammals.[5] It is analogous to, but not homologous to the articular process of the lower jaw.

After the loss of the quadrate-articular joint, the squamosal and dentary bones form the new jaw joint in mammals.[6]

References

Homberger, Dominique G. (2004). Vertebrate dissection. Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin), Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin). (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-022522-1. OCLC 53074665.
Kardong, Kenneth V. (2012). Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-352423-8. OCLC 664665896.
University of the Cumberlands, QUADRATE AND ARTICULAR EXPRESSION
"Mammaliformes: Overview - Palaeos". Archived from the original on 2007-04-29.
Kardong, Kenneth V. (2012). Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-352423-8. OCLC 664665896.
Kermack, D. M. (1984). The evolution of mammalian characters. Kermack, K. A. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7099-1534-9. OCLC 10710687.

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[:0-1] Homberger, Dominique G. (2004). Vertebrate dissection. Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin), Walker, Warren F. (Warren Franklin). (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-022522-1. OCLC 53074665.

[2] Kardong, Kenneth V. (2012). Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-352423-8. OCLC 664665896.

[3] University of the Cumberlands, QUADRATE AND ARTICULAR EXPRESSION

[4] "Mammaliformes: Overview - Palaeos". Archived from the original on 2007-04-29.

[5] Kardong, Kenneth V. (2012). Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-352423-8. OCLC 664665896.

[6] Kermack, D. M. (1984). The evolution of mammalian characters. Kermack, K. A. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7099-1534-9. OCLC 10710687.