Azad Kashmir Regular Force

The Azad Kashmir Regular Force (AKRF) was the predecessor to the present-day Azad Kashmir Regiment of the Pakistan Army.[2] In this form, it was part of Pakistan's paramilitary forces, operating out of the nominally self-governing territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.[3] The AKRF was altered from a functioning paramilitary force and merged into the Pakistan Army as an infantry regiment following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[4]

Azad Kashmir Regular Force
Active1947–1972[1]
Allegiance Pakistan
Branch Paramilitary Forces
TypeInfantry
HeadquartersMuzaffarabad, Pakistan
Motto(s)Arabic: ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ
"God is the Greatest"
Engagements
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Lt. Gen. Akhtar Hussain Malik
Maj. Malik M. K. Awan
Maj. Muhammad Din

A majority of the Pakistani troops who were deployed to infiltrate the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir during Operation Gibraltar in August 1965 were in service with the AKRF. This operation's failure would later spark the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[5]

History

The Azad Kashmir Regular Forces, established in 1947,[6] were armed and supported by the Pakistani government. The regiment has the distinction of not having been raised by any government order, but "raised itself" when bands of armed World War II British Indian Army veterans[7] organized themselves into disciplined ad hoc platoons, companies and battalions led by retired officers, JCOs and NCOs, and went out to fight in Kashmir against the regular Indian Army in 1948.[8] Core of newly formed AKRF consisted of 60,000 ex servicemen of British Indian Army who participated in WW II.[9] At the end of war these veterans, still young and fit opted out of forces. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 continued for 15 months from Oct 1947 to 31 Dec 1948. After a cease-fire was declared in Kashmir, these elements joined together to form the Azad Kashmir Regular Forces (AKRF). The AKRF had its own intake and training structure separate from the Pakistan Army. The AKRF was the military element of the Azad Kashmir Government. Uniforms and rank structures were the same as in the Pakistan Army. At that time, all the battalions of the AKRF were part of the 12th Infantry Division of the Pakistan Army, permanently stationed in Azad Kashmir.

Combat history

Kashmir 1947–48

What began as a revolt by young rebels and ex-servicemen turned out to be a big setback for tripartite alliance of Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Indian Government and remnants of outgoing British colonial authorities still in control of India and partial control of Pakistan. To quote the words of Pakistan Army's Official Portal "They liberated over 34,000 square miles of the State's territory that is now called Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Northern Areas."

AKRF began its struggle as Armed Militia known as Lashkar, Ghazis and Jathas. As the volunteers swelled the ranks and files, a command structure was established to control these paramilitary force of vigilantes. Being well aware of aspirations of the people of State, Pakistani Government under the leadership of Governor General M A Jinnah and Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan decided to support the Lashkars. British C in C of its Army, General Frank Messervy refused to obey the instructions of M A Jinnah. However, AKRF took Muzaffarabad by 13 October 1947, Mirpur by 25 November 1947 and Jhangar in December 1947. India meanwhile managed to get the Instrument of accession signed by the Hindu Maharaja of state and landed its Military forces in the valley using massive air lifts. Fierce fighting continued for over a year but AKRF with the assistance of Pakistani tribals and regular army managed to capture Districts of Mirpur, Bhimber, Kotli, Bagh, Rawlakot, Muzaffarabad and Neelum. A total of 2633 all ranks of the regiment died during the war.[10] Naik Saif Ali Janjua[11] of 5th & 18th Battalion of AK Regt (Haider Dil) & (Al Saif) was awarded Hilal-e-Kashmir at Mendhar sector of Jammu. He was commanding a platoon at Pir Kalewa feature and died on 25 Oct 1948 during the battle of Pir Kalewa which was attacked by 5 Infantry Brigade of Indian Army.

Indo-Pak War 1965

In wartime operations, the AKRF was part of the Order of Battle of the Pakistan Army, in which it was involved in 1965 Operation Gibraltar. All of the AKRF battalions were part of the 12th Infantry Division (Pakistan) that carried out Operation Gibraltar as well as defended Azad Kashmir. Subedar (later Honorary Captain) Muhammad Israel Khan of 39th AK Regt was then part of Ghazi Battalion. He was awarded second Sitara E Jurat for his bravery. He had previously won an SJ in 1948 during the Battle of Paran Hill[12] at the foothills of Pir Badesar in 1948. During the same operation one of the Company Commanders of 21 Azad Kashmir Regiment, Major Malik Munawar Khan Awan, became famous for his heroic action and occupation of Indian Garrison of Rajauri while commanding Ghaznavi Force during Operation Gibraltar. Later Major Munawar was awarded "Sitara e Jurat" for gallantry and the title of "King of Rajouri" by President Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan.

Indo-Pak War 1971 and subsequent operations in Kashmir

The Azad Kashmir Regular Forces fought in the 1971 war and then in 1972 when the 9th Azad Kashmir Battalion defended Chakpatra and Leepa Valley against a larger Indian force composed of several regular battalions. This particular battalion was first led in 1948 by Lt Colonel Ghulam Rasul Raja-Sitara-e-Jurrat (1948), Military Cross (WWII). During the Battle of Leepa Valley the 9th AK Battalion with 25 Mountain Regiment Artillery distinguished itself under the leadership of Lt Colonel Haq Nawaz Kyani, SJ and Bar,[13] who died leading the battalion from the front. The Company Commander of B Coy called for artillery fire upon their own position while being over run by the enemy; in doing this they repulsed the enemy attack.

Merger into the Pakistan Army

Originally considered a paramilitary force, the Azad Kashmir formally became an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army in 1972 and was renamed the Azad Kashmir Regiment[14]

See also

References
  1. "Azad Kashmir Regiment". www.globalsecurity.org. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  2. Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (1981). "Azad Kashmir Regular Forces". Kashmir-The Troubled Frontiers. p. 247. ISBN 9781935501763.
  3. Snedden, Christopher (2012). "Azad Kashmir Regular Force". Kashmir-The Untold Story. ISBN 9789350298985.
  4. Hussain, Ausaf (26 October 2012). "Renaming Frontier Force Regiment". Pakistan Today.
  5. Also known as the Second Kashmir War.
  6. https://www.scribd.com/document/324043639/Indias-Wars Page 150, Part III of "India's Wars A Military History 1947–1971" by Air Vice Marshal Arjun Subramniam - Published by Harper Collins India
  7. http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/apr/war-lost.htm Research Article War of Lost Opportunities by Agha Humayun Amin Paragraph 3, Lines 23–24
  8. https://www.academia.edu/2473712/THE_FIRST_INDO-PAKISTANI_WAR_1947-48 Research Article by Peter Almo Kis, Page 12, Paragraph under the heading "December 1947 to April 1948 – winter and spring offensives"
  9. Agha Humayun Amin, ar of Lost Opportunities, Defence Journal (Pakistan), April 2000. Paragraph 3, Line 23 - 24]
  10. History Of The AZAD KASHMIR REGIMENT Volume I, Page 436
  11. http://blogs.dunyanews.tv/14410/11th-nishan-e-haider-pakistan-naik-saif-ali-janjua
  12. Page 85, the History Of The AZAD KASHMIR REGIMENT Volume I
  13. "Remembering Lt Col Haq Nawaz Kayani (Shaheed), SJ & Bar". Native Pakistan. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  14. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322050842/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-ak.htm
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