Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts

Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts is Canadian-American atmospheric chemist. She is a professor in the chemistry department at the University of California, Irvine and is the Director of AirUCI Institute.[1] Finlayson-Pitts and James N. Pitts, Jr. are the authors of Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications (1999).[2] She has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2006[3] and is the laureate for the 2017 Garvan–Olin Medal.[4] In 2016 she co-chaired the National Academy of Science report "The Future of Atmospheric Chemistry Research" [5]

Finlayson-Pitts investigates the chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere and ways in which chemical reactions in the atmosphere are involved in air pollution and climate change.[6][7][8] She and her team work to develop a molecular-level understanding of gaseous reactions of particles in different layers of the atmosphere, and at the interfaces between layers. They also study the interface between air and water.[9] She emphasizes the "urgency for addressing climate change at all levels of government in the U.S. and globally".[10]

Education

Finlayson-Pitts received a Bachelor of Science from Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, in 1970. She earned her Masters and PhD in chemistry from the University of California, Riverside in 1971 and 1973, respectively.[1] After completing a postdoctoral fellowship at UC Riverside, she worked as a professor of chemistry at California State University, Fullerton from 1974-1994. In 1994, she joined the chemistry department of the University of California, Irvine.[11]

Research

Finlayson-Pitts' research focuses on developing a molecular-level understanding of the fundamental kinetics, mechanisms, and photochemistry of gaseous reactions of particles. She is particularly interested in how reactions occur in different layers of the atmosphere, and at the interfaces of different layers.[12][9] In addition to her work on the troposphere and stratosphere, she studies interactions at the interface between air and water, where gases meet liquids. Reactions that occur at the surface between layers may differ from the reactions that occur within each layer.[9]

In the atmosphere, emitted gases and particles may react further to form new chemical species. Some compounds may not react within the troposphere, but will break down and participate in further transformations in the higher stratosphere. The inorganic chemistry of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur in the gas phase are better understood than the interactions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides with organic compounds. Finlayson-Pitts and her colleagues have done important work on understanding the chemistry of the troposphere, in particular, the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in air and the subsequent formation of ozone, nitric acid, and organic nitrates.[12]

Finlayson-Pitts served as the lead author of a 2009 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that found that burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides, which interact with gaseous hydrogen chloride to form smog-forming compounds. The study also found water vapor enhances the reaction.[13]

Finlayson-Pitts and her team examined reactions between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen pentoxide(N2O5), two common compounds created from fossil fuel combustion prevalent in the atmosphere, and gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl), which has reached concentrations of a few parts per billion in polluted air. The authors of the study proposed N2O5 exists as an asymmetric dimer, NO2+NO3−. They also hypothesized water molecules promote the ionization of N2O5 to NO2+NO3−.When NO2 reacts with HCl (in the form of NO2+NO3−), it creates ClO and HNO3, and when N2O5 reacts with HCl, it forms ClNO2 and HNO3.[13]

The team said the creation of the chlorine nitrogen compounds could have negative implications for the reliability and lifetime of electronics that are susceptible to corrosion when the reaction takes place in doors. Light absorption crosses into section in near ultraviolet and overlaps strongly not only with solar radiation but also with that from fluorescent lights, causing smog. The chlorine-containing molecules also react with nitrogen monoxide (NO) to produce ozone.[13]

In a 2010 paper, Finlayson-Pitts detailed the role of halogens in reactions of the lower atmosphere. She found that chlorine ions in the air help ozone formation, while bromine ions aide ozone destruction. Both ions are common in the troposphere due to cycles between seawater and gaseous phases.[14] Chloride, which is many times more abundant than bromine, reacts with nitrogen and oxygen-containing compounds in both the aqueous and gas phases to form a variety of molecules that scatter light, including HCl, Cl2, ClNO2, ClO, and OClO.[14]

Finlayson-Pitts also helped author a 2012 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences which concluded that new models may be needed to address secondary organic aerosols.[15] Finlayson-Pitts worked with scientists from UCI and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington to research the processes leading to secondary organic aerosol formation. More specifically, they studied particle formation under the simultaneous oxidation α-pinene by ozone and NO3 radicals using an aerosol flow system. α-Pinene is are emitted by vegetation in varying quantities, depending on temperature and light conditions. The reaction of α-pinene with NO3 radicals in the atmosphere creates low-volatility particles, generating secondary organic aerosols. These particles were previously thought to condense into tiny droplets of liquid and then dissipate as those drops of liquid evaporate.[15] Finlayson-Pitts and the team she worked with found that secondary organic aerosols actually attach themselves more tightly to organic particles in the air. Because of this, previous models underestimate the amount of fine particles, which are linked to both lung and heart disease, in the air.[16]

Her research group has received funding from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy. They are a part of Atmospheric Integrated Research for Understanding Chemistry at Interfaces (AirUCI), a collaboration from across the University of California-Irvine. AirUCI examines how air quality and climate change are affected by processes that occur at the atmosphere's air-water interface, and focuses on the impacts of energy use, air pollution, and air quality on human health.[9][1]

Personal life

Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts married James Pitts (1921–2014) in 1970. James Pitts was also a chemist.[17] He followed her to the University of California, Irvine in 1994, where the two collaborated on research and co-authored books and other publications.[17]

Awards

References
  1. "Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts". University of California Irvine - Faculty Profile System.
  2. Koppmann, Ralf (April 15, 2008). Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere (1st ed.). Blackwell Pub. pp. 108–110, 147–148. ISBN 9780470988657. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  3. Member Directory. "Barbara Finlayson-Pitts". National Academy of Sciences.
  4. "2017 National Award Recipients - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society.
  5. Read "The Future of Atmospheric Chemistry Research: Remembering Yesterday, Understanding Today, Anticipating Tomorrow" at NAP.edu. 2016. doi:10.17226/23573. ISBN 978-0-309-44565-8.
  6. Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. (13 April 2010). "Atmospheric Chemistry". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): 6566–6567. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003038107. PMC 2872471. PMID 20388910.
  7. Richard, John P. (May 27, 2009). Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry. 43. Academic Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 9780080886121. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  8. Kameda, Takayuki; Azumi, Eri; Fukushima, Aki; Tang, Ning; Matsuki, Atsushi; Kamiya, Yuta; Toriba, Akira; Hayakawa, Kazuichi (14 April 2016). "Mineral dust aerosols promote the formation of toxic nitropolycyclic aromatic compounds". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 24427. Bibcode:2016NatSR...624427K. doi:10.1038/srep24427. PMC 4830986. PMID 27075250.
  9. Rosenzweig, Efrat (July 13, 2009). "Every Breath You Take". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  10. Barboza, Tony (September 21, 2018). "87 days of smog: Southern California just saw its longest streak of bad air in decades". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  11. "2007 Barbara Finlayson-Pitts, UC Irvine". Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society. 2012-07-17. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  12. Consensus Study Report (2016). "Chapter 3 Understanding Today". The future of atmospheric chemistry research : remembering yesterday, understanding today, anticipating tomorrow. National Academies Press. pp. 48–50. doi:10.17226/23573. ISBN 978-0309445658. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  13. Raff, J. D.; Njegic, B.; Chang, W. L.; Gordon, M. S.; Dabdub, D.; Gerber, R. B.; Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. (20 July 2009). "Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (33): 13647–13654. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10613647R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904195106. PMC 2713392. PMID 19620710.
  14. Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. (February 2010). "Halogens in the Troposphere". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (3): 770–776. doi:10.1021/ac901478p. PMID 20041651.
  15. Perraud, V.; Bruns, E. A.; Ezell, M. J.; Johnson, S. N.; Yu, Y.; Alexander, M. L.; Zelenyuk, A.; Imre, D.; Chang, W. L.; Dabdub, D.; Pankow, J. F.; Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. (30 January 2012). "Nonequilibrium atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation and growth" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (8): 2836–2841. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.2836P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119909109. PMC 3286997. PMID 22308444.
  16. Barringer, Felicity (February 18, 2012). "Scientists Find New Dangers in Tiny but Pervasive Particles in Air Pollution". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  17. Barboza, Tony (2014-06-25). "James Pitts dies at 93; his research led to cleaner air in California". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  18. "RSC Environment Prize 2019 Winner". www.rsc.org. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
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