Benazir Income Support Programme

The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is a federal unconditional cash transfer poverty reduction program in Pakistan. Launched in July 2008, it was the largest single social safety net program in the country with nearly Rs. 90 billion ($900 million) distributed to 5.4 million beneficiaries in 2016.[4]

Benazir Income Support Programme
بینظیر انکم سپورٹ پرو
FormationJuly 2008 (2008-07)
TypeSocial safety net
FocusHealth, Education, Social Protection, Reduce poverty, Enhance financial capacity of poor people
HeadquartersF-Block, Pakistan Secretariat, Islamabad, Pakistan
MethodsDonations, Scholarship
OwnerGovernment of Pakistan
Chairperson of BISP
Dr. Sania Nishtar [1]
AffiliationsGovernment of Pakistan
Budget
US$ 1.15 Billion [2]
Employees
2,381 [3]
Websitebisp.gov.pk
The program is named after Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.

The Department for International Development of the United Kingdom is the largest foreign backer of the program, providing $244 million (or 27%) of the total funds in 2016 with the Pakistani Government providing the rest.[5][6]

As of 2016, the program distributes Rs.19,338 (or approx. $195) per annum distributed per month.[7] The stipend is linked to the Consumer Price Index and is paid through a smart card.[8] As of 2020, Dr Sania Nishtar is Chairman of BISP under Imran Khan's government.[9] As of 2020, BISP was surpassed by Ehsaas Programme as the largest social welfare programme in Pakistan.[10]

History

The Benazir Income Support Programme was established in 2008 by Yousaf Raza Gillani who took the advice of President Asif Ali Zardari. The program's name is a tribute to former Prime Minister and widow of President Zardari, Benazir Bhutto, who was assassinated in 2007.[11]

Since 2005, the purchasing power of many Pakistani families has been eroded by high inflation and the increasing cost of food and oil. BISP arose against this backdrop as a means to address reductions in purchasing power.[12] Along with the economic development aims of the program, BISP also seeks to empower women by presenting cash transfers directly to female members of households.[13]

BISP is currently the largest aid program in Pakistan and the government's third largest budgetary allocation. BISP spending accounts for 0.3% of Pakistan's GDP.[12]

In the 2008–2009 fiscal year, more than 3 million Pakistani families received cash transfers through BISP; this figure accounts for 1.5% of the general population[12] and 10% of the population below the poverty level. For the 2009–2010 fiscal year, the program was expanded to cover 5 million low-income families.[12] At the program's start in 2008, the Pakistani government allocated RS 34 billion, or $425 million, for BISP; the allocation doubled to RS 70 billion, or $875 million in the following year.[13]

The Benazir Income Support Programme is planning to launch a new initiative that encourages human capital development through a conditional cash transfer. The Waseela-e-Taleem initiative will condition cash payments on primary school enrolment for the children of eligible families.[13] On 18 June 2017, BISP launched an e-commerce platform for its beneficiaries.[14]

Program structure

The Benazir Income Support Programme has been implemented in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber-Pakhtonnkhwa. The program also operates in the federally administered regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the Islamabad Capital Territory.[13]

In its first year of operation, recipients of BISP cash transfers were identified and selected by Parliamentarians through a process of recommendation. Each Parliamentarian received 8,000 forms to distribute throughout his or her constituency. Selected individuals underwent an eligibility verification process through the National Database and Registration Authority. A final list of eligible families was generated and sent to the postal service. Funds were disbursed from the Treasury directly to the postal service and then delivered to the female head of eligible households.[12]

In April 2009, the process for identifying a selecting eligible families through Parliamentarian recommendation was ended. The identification process has been reformed and now uses a Poverty Scorecard. Through the Poverty Scorecard, families are identified through a proxy means test.[13] The Poverty Scorecard has been approved by the World Bank and requires families to answer 13 questions regarding assets and expenses in a survey.[11] The poverty survey has been tested in 16 districts and will be distributed nationwide.[13]

Internal monitoring systems are being developed to track deliveries and payment amounts to eligible families. Another mechanism to address corruption and political favouritism is being considered that would allow a neutral third party access to the list of eligible families to verify eligibility.[12]

Recently, BISP has expanded to include several special initiatives. The Waseela-e-Haq program empowers women through the provision of small loans. A vocation training program, Waseela-e-Rozgar, offers members of eligible families up to 1 year of professional training. The Waseela-e-Sehat program provides financial assistance specifically for obtaining basic health care. BISP will launch its first program that conditions cash payments on schooling. The Waseela-e-Taleem initiative will require families receiving cash payments to enroll children between the ages of 5 to 12 to enroll in primary education.[13]

BISP also provides cash payments for emergency relief efforts. These payments are similar to the payments received by low-income families but are distributed to families affected by terrorism, war, and natural disasters such as earthquakes.[13]

Eligibility

To be eligible for cash payments under BISP, families must earn less than RS 6,000 per month; equivalent to $67.[12] Further eligibility requirements stipulate that:

  • Families must have a female applicant holding a valid ID card
  • An individual applicant must be a widowed or divorced female without male family members
  • Eligible families include those with physically or mentally disabled individuals

Families deemed ineligible for cash payments through BISP include those with:[12]

  • Members employed by the Pakistani government, army, or any other government-affiliated agency
  • Members drawing a pension or receiving post-retirement benefits from the government
  • Family members owning more than 3 acres of farmland or more than 80 square yards of residential land
  • Members receiving income from other sources
  • Members holding a machine readable passport
  • Members with a National Identity Card for Overseas citizens
  • Members with a bank account excluding microfinance banks and those catering to low-income families

[15]

Benefits

Eligible families receive cash payments of 4834 quarterly. This amount increases the purchasing power for families earning approximately RS 5,000 each month by 20%. Most low-income families spend 50–70% of total income on food alone. According to BISP, the cash payment of RS 3,000 every two months, or RS 1,500 each month, will allow a family of 5–6 to purchase 20–25 days worth of flour.[12]

Criticism

Since the program's inception, critics have pointed out several overall flaws in the Benazir Income Support Program design. Some claim that the amount of RS 3000 bi-monthly, or RS 1,500 per month, is not enough to move impoverished families above the poverty line as this would require RS 2,550 per month. Another major flaw with BISP is its lack of conditionality. Conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America have experienced greater degrees of success because recipient families must meet certain requirements before receiving a cash payment.[11] These programs build human capital through requiring recipients to enroll their children in primary education, participate in health and nutrition seminars, and visit health care providers.[16] Apart from the Waseela-e-Taleem initiative, cash payments do not require recipients to meet particular obligations in return for cash payments.

There have also been accusations of corruption and political favouritism. By some estimates, only 50–60 percent of beneficiaries actually receive cash payments from BISP. The previous method of identifying families through the recommendation of Parliamentarians was flawed. Many have claimed that Parliamentarians simply recommended their own family and friends to receive cash payments.[11] It has been pointed out that there is a disproportionate number of families receiving BISP aid in geographic areas where the ruling Pakistan People's Party dominates. For example, in the Prime Minister's hometown of Multan, there is twice the number of people receiving BISP payments than in Lahore, the opposition party's stronghold. Punjab, another area where opposition parties dominate, has the lowest ratio of eligible families—1,974 for every 100,000 people; versus 6,829 families for every 100,000 people in Sindh, the ruling party's stronghold. Beneficiaries have also complained that the postal service charges an additional RS 100 to RS 200 for each delivery of payment.[11][17]

Other critics have argued that as the Benazir Income Support Programme makes up a substantial portion of the Pakistani government's budget, impact evaluations should be conducted to evaluate the benefits and actual need for the program.[11]

List of Chairpersons of Benazir Income Support Program
Name of Chairperson Entered Office Left Office
Farzana Raja July 2008 March 2013
Vacant March 2013 November 2013
Enver Baig November 2013 November 2014
Vacant November 2014 February 2015
Marvi Memon February 2015 June 2018
Vacant June 2018 October 2018
Sania Nishtar October 2018 Present

See also

References
  1. "Dr Sania Nishtar appointed BISP chairperson". The News. Pakistan. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  2. "Ehsaas Income Support Programme buget". pass.gov.pk. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  3. "Ehsaas Income Support Programme". pass.gov.pk. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  4. "DFID lauds BISP performance by giving it overall 'A' rating". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  5. "Aid watchdog defends UK funding of Benazir Income Support Programme - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  6. "Pakistan cash transfers defended as MP says aid programme amounts to 'exporting the dole'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  7. "Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) stipend increased". Dawn (newspaper). 2 October 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  8. Uploader (1 October 2016). "PML-N Govt increases stipend for BISP beneficiaries". Associate Press Of Pakistan. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  9. "BISP set to speedily undertake measures to tackle poverty: Sania". www.thenews.com.pk. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  10. https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-04-09-20/h_cb489db5166406849663f419393cc5d8
  11. Shahzad 2011.
  12. Handayani-Burkley 2009.
  13. Benazir Income Support Programme.
  14. Wani, Shahrukh (18 June 2017). "Pakistan's New Plan to Eradicate Poverty: Use Embroidery". Medium. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  15. "How To Apply For Ehsaas Emergency Cash Programme For Jobs". BOL News. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  16. Rawlings-Rubio 2003.
  17. Zahid Gishkori/Irfan Ghauri/Gulraiz Khan (4 February 2012). "Benazir Income Support Programme: Does the cash flow to blue-eyed voters?". The Express Tribune (newspaper). Retrieved 5 September 2020.

Sources
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