Block design test

A block design test is a subtest on many IQ test batteries used as part of assessment of human intelligence. It is thought to tap spatial visualization ability and motor skill. The test-taker uses hand movements to rearrange blocks that have various color patterns on different sides to match a pattern. The items in a block design test can be scored both by accuracy in matching the pattern and by speed in completing each item.

Figure 1 from The Block-Design tests by Kohs (1920) showing, in grayscale, an example of his block test.[1]

Historical background

David Wechsler adapted a block design subtest for his Wechsler-Bellevue test, the predecessor of his WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), from the Kohs block design test developed in 1920 at Stanford University by Samuel Calmin Kohs. A later revision of the Kohs test by Hutt incorporated the time taken to complete each item into the scoring of the test.[2] Wechsler followed that practice in making both accuracy and speed factors in scoring the test.

Neuropsychological assessment

Good performance on the block design test is indicative of appropriate functioning of the parietal and frontal lobes. Head injury, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke can severely reduce the performance of an individual on the block design test.[3] Additional evidence suggests impairment in block design performance among schizophrenic and bipolar disorder patient populations, though this represents only preliminary findings.[4][5]

Spatial ability

The block design test is also a relatively accurate measure of spatial ability and spatial visualization ability used in daily life.[6] The block design test is considered one of the best measures of spatial ability, although it is subject to certain problems of administration, such as anxiety or over-cautious responding. Linda Kreger Silverman has proposed the block design subtest as the best putative measure of spatial ability among the Wechsler subtests.[7]

Autism spectrum disorders

Uta Frith, in her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma,[8] addresses the superior performance of autistic individuals on the block design test. This was also addressed in an earlier paper.[9] One article demonstrates the differences in construction time in the performance of the block design task by individuals with and without Asperger syndrome. An essential point is that in an unsegmented version of the task, people with Asperger syndrome performed significantly faster than neurotypical individuals.[10]

Science and engineering aptitude

Recent research has demonstrated a connection between spatial ability and math and science proficiency at the highest levels. A 2002 study in the Lancet demonstrated that high spatial ability was related to the performance of surgery.[11] Additionally, although this is somewhat speculative, the grandfathers and fathers of autistic people were more likely to be engineers, and since it is known that autistic people have an ability peak in block design, it is possible that an inherited ability for block design performance may be responsible for the increased number of engineers and scientists among the relatives of autistic individuals.[12]

Spatial ability in pilots

In 1993, Dror et al. found that pilots' performance was superior to non-pilots on a test of the speed of mental rotation. Although the block design test is characterized as a test of spatial visualization, not mental rotation, spatial visualization ability as measured by the block design test is highly correlated to mental rotation ability.[13]

Research in an educational context

As performance on the block design test has been suggested as a predictive measure for performance in fields such as engineering and physics. Felder, at North Carolina State University, has developed a learning style questionnaire that attempts to assess spatial ability in an educational context.[14]

References
  1. Kohs SC (1920). "The Block-Design Tests". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 3 (5): 357–376. doi:10.1037/h0074466.
  2. Hutt ML (Jun 1932). "The Kohs Block-designs test: a revision for clinical practice". Journal of Applied Psychology. 16 (3): 298–307. doi:10.1037/h0074559.
  3. Lezak MD (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509031-4.
  4. Thompson, J. L. (2005). "Indicators of Genetic Liability to Schizophrenia: A Sibling Study of Neuropsychological Performance". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 31: 85–96. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi009. PMID 15888428.
  5. Clark, Luke; Iversen, Susan D.; Goodwin, Guy M. (2001). "A Neuropsychological Investigation of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Acute Mania". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (10): 1605–1611. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1605. PMID 11578991.
  6. Groth-Marnat G, Teal M (Apr 2000). "Block design as a measure of everyday spatial ability: a study of ecological validity". Percept mot Skills. 90 (2): 522–6. doi:10.2466/PMS.90.2.522-526. PMID 10833749.
  7. Identifying Visual-Spatial and Auditory-Sequential Learners: Archived July 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  8. Frith, Uta (2003). Autism: explaining the enigma (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 978-0-631-22901-8.
  9. Shah A, Frith U (Nov 1993). "Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task?". J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 34 (8): 1351–64. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x. PMID 8294523. S2CID 18397846.
  10. Caron MJ, Mottron L, Berthiaume C, Dawson M (Jul 2006). "Cognitive mechanisms, specificity and neural underpinnings of visuospatial peaks in autism". Brain. 129 (Pt 7): 1789–802. doi:10.1093/brain/awl072. PMID 16597652. Fig 3
  11. Wanzel KR, Hamstra SJ, Anastakis DJ, Matsumoto ED, Cusimano MD (Jan 2002). "Effect of visual-spatial ability on learning of spatially-complex surgical skills". Lancet. 359 (9302): 230–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07441-X. PMID 11812562. S2CID 22098129.
  12. Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S (Jun 2001). "The link between autism and skills such as engineering, maths, physics and computing: a reply to Jarrold and Routh". Autism. 5 (2): 223–7. doi:10.1177/1362361301005002010. PMID 11706868. S2CID 14554953.
  13. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2011-09-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Dror, Kosslyn and Wang. (1993). Visual-Spatial Abilities in Pilots. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 763–773.
  14. Felder RM and Soloman BA. Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire. North Carolina State University
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.