Bugula

Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.[1][2]

Bugula
The nudibranch Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 feeding on Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Bryozoa
Class:
Gymnolaemata
Order:
Cheilostomatida
Family:
Bugulidae
Genus:
Bugula

(Oken, 1815)

Distribution

The native distribution of Bugula neritina is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.[1] It is considered an invasive species in some countries.

Bugula neritina
Main article: Bugula neritina

Bugula neritina attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.[3] In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.[4] More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.[5]

Other uses

Dried Bugula are commonly used as decorations:

"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan Bugula that have been artificially coloured.[6]

However, Sertularia argentea are also sold as "air ferns."[7]

Species
  • Bugula alba Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
  • Bugula apsteini Hasenbank, 1932
  • Bugula aspinosa Liu, 1984
  • Bugula biota Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
  • Bugula capensis Waters, 1887
  • Bugula ceylonensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
  • Bugula crosslandi Hastings, 1939
  • Bugula decipiens Hayward, 1981
  • Bugula expansa Hastings, 1939
  • Bugula fastigiata Kluge, 1929
  • Bugula gautieri Ryland, 1962
  • Bugula gnoma Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
  • Bugula hessei Hasenbank, 1932
  • Bugula hummelincki Fransen, 1986
  • Bugula ingens Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
  • Bugula intermedia Liu, 1984
  • Bugula longissima Busk, 1884
  • Bugula lophodendron Ortmann, 1890
  • Bugula migottoi Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
  • Bugula miniatella Winston & Woollacott, 2008
  • Bugula minima Waters, 1909
  • Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Bugula neritinoides Hastings, 1939
  • Bugula orientalis Liu, 1984
  • Bugula paternostrae Winston & Woollacott, 2008
  • Bugula philippsae Harmer, 1926
  • Bugula prismatica (Gray, 1843)
  • Bugula protensa Hayward, 1981
  • Bugula providensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
  • Bugula robusta MacGillivray, 1869
  • Bugula robustoides Winston & Woollacott, 2008
  • Bugula rochae Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
  • Bugula scaphoides Kirkpatrick, 1890
  • Bugula scaphula Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
  • Bugula simpliciformis Osburn, 1932
  • Bugula solorensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
  • Bugula subglobosa Harmer, 1926
  • Bugula tschukotkensis Kluge, 1952
  • Bugula umbelliformis Yanagi & Okada, 1918
  • Bugula vectifera Harmer, 1926
Species brought into synonymy
  • Bugula angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Bugulina angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816)
  • Bugula aperta (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Crisularia aperta (Hincks, 1886)
  • Bugula aquilirostris Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina aquilirostris (Ryland, 1960)
  • Bugula avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Bugula bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of Crisularia bengalensis (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
  • Bugula bicornis Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites bicornis (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula borealis (Packard, 1863): synonym of Bugulina borealis (Packard, 1863)
  • Bugula bowiei Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia bowiei (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
  • Bugula calathus Norman, 1868: synonym of Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)
  • Bugula californica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina californica (Robertson, 1905)
  • Bugula carvalhoi Marcus, 1949: synonym of Bugulina carvalhoi (Marcus, 1949)
  • Bugula cucullata Busk, 1867: synonym of Crisularia cucullata (Busk, 1867)
  • Bugula cucullifera Osburn, 1912: synonym of Crisularia cucullifera (Osburn, 1912)
  • Bugula cuspidata Hastings, 1943: synonym of Crisularia cuspidata (Hastings, 1943)
  • Bugula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816)
  • Bugula dispar Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia dispar (Harmer, 1926)
  • Bugula ditrupae Busk, 1858: synonym of Bugulina ditrupae (Busk, 1858)
  • Bugula eburnea Calvet, 1906: synonym of Bugulina eburnea (Calvet, 1906)
  • Bugula elongata Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of Dendrobeania decorata (Verrill, 1879)
  • Bugula flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
  • Bugula foliolata Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Bugulina foliolata (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
  • Bugula fulva Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina fulva (Ryland, 1960)
  • Bugula germanae (Calvet, 1902): synonym of Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
  • Bugula gracilis Busk, 1858: synonym of Crisularia gracilis (Busk, 1858)
  • Bugula grayi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia grayi (Maturo, 1966)
  • Bugula guara Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia guara (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
  • Bugula harmsworthi Waters, 1900: synonym of Crisularia harmsworthi (Waters, 1900)
  • Bugula hyadesi Jullien, 1888: synonym of Crisularia hyadesi (Jullien, 1888)
  • Bugula japonica: synonym of Dendrobeania japonica (Ortmann, 1890)
  • Bugula johnstonae (Gray, 1843): synonym of Halophila johnstonae Gray, 1843
  • Bugula leontodon Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum leontodon (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula longicauda Harmer, 1926: synonym of Halophila longicauda (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula longirostrata Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina longirostrata (Robertson, 1905)
  • Bugula marcusi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
  • Bugula margaritifera Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum margaritifera (Busk, 1884): synonym of Himantozoum margaritiferum (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula microoecia Osburn, 1914: synonym of Crisularia microoecia (Osburn, 1914)
  • Bugula mirabilis Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum mirabilis (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula mollis Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia mollis (Harmer, 1926)
  • Bugula multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of Bugulina multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841)
  • Bugula nana Androsova, 1977: synonym of Crisularia nana (Androsova, 1977)
  • Bugula pacifica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Crisularia pacifica (Robertson, 1905)
  • Bugula pedata Harmer, 1926: synonym of Bugulina pedata (Harmer, 1926)
  • Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766): synonym of Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766)
  • Bugula prenanti Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of Crisularia prenanti (Castric-Fey, 1971)
  • Bugula pugeti Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina pugeti (Robertson, 1905)
  • Bugula purpurotincta Norman, 1868: synonym of Crisularia purpurotincta (Norman, 1868)
  • Bugula reticulata Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites reticulatus (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula rylandi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia rylandi (Maturo, 1966)
  • Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
  • Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886: synonym of Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886)
  • Bugula sinuosa Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum sinuosum (Busk, 1884)
  • Bugula spicata (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Bugulina spicata (Hincks, 1886)
  • Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960)
  • Bugula tricuspis Kluge, 1955: synonym of Bugulina tricuspis (Kluge, 1955)
  • Bugula turbinata Alder, 1857: synonym of Bugulina turbinata (Alder, 1857)
  • Bugula turrita (Desor, 1848): synonym of Crisularia turrita (Desor, 1848)
  • Bugula versicolor Busk, 1884: synonym of Semidendrobeania versicolor (Busk, 1884)

References
  1. "Bugula neritina". exoticsguide.org. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  2. Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02
  3. Harford, B The Bryostatins’ Tale Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017
  4. "Bryostatin 1". 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  5. Nelsen et. al., JT Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer’s Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017
  6. Frank K. McKinney. "The Bryozoa". International Bryozoology Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  7. Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). Sertularia argentea Linnaeus, 1758. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.
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