CARD9

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein of the CARD-CC protein family, which in humans is encoded by the CARD9 gene.[5][6] It mediates signals from pattern recognition receptors to activate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, regulating inflammation and cell apoptosis. Homozygous mutations in CARD9 are associated with defective innate immunity against yeasts, like Candida and dermatophytes.

CARD9
Identifiers
AliasesCARD9, CANDF2, hcaspase recruitment domain family member 9
External IDsOMIM: 607212 MGI: 2685628 HomoloGene: 14150 GeneCards: CARD9
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 9 (human)[1]
Band9q34.3Start136,361,903 bp[1]
End136,373,681 bp[1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

64170

332579

Ensembl

ENSG00000187796

ENSMUSG00000026928

UniProt

Q9H257

A2AIV8

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_052814
NM_052813

NM_001037747

RefSeq (protein)

NP_434700
NP_434701

NP_001032836

Location (UCSC)Chr 9: 136.36 – 136.37 MbChr 2: 26.35 – 26.36 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

CARD9 is a member of the CARD protein family, which is defined by the presence of a characteristic caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD). CARD is a protein interaction domain known to participate in activation or suppression of CARD containing members of the caspase family, and thus plays an important regulatory role in cell apoptosis. This protein was identified by its selective association with the CARD domain of BCL10, a positive regulator of apoptosis and NF-κB activation.[7] It is thought to function as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of a BCL10 signaling complex that activates NF-κB. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed, but their full-length nature is not clearly defined.[6]

Clinical significance

In 2006, it became clear that Card9 plays important roles within the innate immune response against yeasts. Card9 mediates signals from so called pattern recognition receptors (Dectin-1) to downstream signalling pathways such as NF-κB and by this activates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-23, IL-6, IL-2) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and subsequently an appropriate innate and adaptive immune response to clear an infection.[8] An autosomal recessive form of susceptibility to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis was found in 2009 to be associated with homozygous mutations in CARD9.[9] Deep dermatophytosis and Card9 deficiency reported in an Iranian family led to its discovery in 17 people from Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan families with deep dermatophytosis.[10]

CARD9 mutations have been associated with inflammatory diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis).[11] A genetic variant, c.IVS11+1G>C was found to be protective against crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and ankylosing spondilitis by Manuel Rivas, Mark Daly and colleagues.[12] CARD9 S12NΔ11, is a rare splice variant in which exon 11 of CARD9 is deleted. This allele, identified by deep sequencing of GWAS loci, results in a protein with a C-terminal truncation. In a functional follow-up study, using re-expressed human CARD9 isoforms in murine Card9−/− bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were assessed for cytokine production. BMDCs expressing the predisposing variant CARD9 S12N showed increased TNFα and IL-6 production compared to BMDCs expressing wild-type CARD9. In contrast, CARD9 Δ11 and CARD9 S12NΔ11, as well as the C-terminal truncated variant CARD9 V6, showed significant impairment in TNFα and IL-6 production. CARD9 Δ11 was found to have a dominant negative effect on CARD9 function when co-expressed with wild-type CARD9 in human and mouse dendritic cells.[13]

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of CARD9 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Card9tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.[14] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen[15] to determine the effects of deletion.[16][17][18][19] Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping[20] - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping[21]

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000187796 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026928 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Bertin J, Guo Y, Wang L, Srinivasula SM, Jacobson MD, Poyet JL, Merriam S, Du MQ, Dyer MJ, Robison KE, DiStefano PS, Alnemri ES (Jan 2001). "CARD9 is a novel caspase recruitment domain-containing protein that interacts with BCL10/CLAP and activates NF-kappa B". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (52): 41082–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000726200. PMID 11053425.
  6. "Entrez Gene: CARD9 caspase recruitment domain family, member 9".
  7. Bertin J, Guo Y, Wang L, Srinivasula SM, Jacobson MD, Poyet JL, Merriam S, Du MQ, Dyer MJ, Robison KE, DiStefano PS, Alnemri ES (December 2000). "CARD9 is a novel caspase recruitment domain-containing protein that interacts with BCL10/CLAP and activates NF-kappa B". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (52): 41082–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000726200. PMID 11053425.
  8. Gross O, Gewies A, Finger K, Schäfer M, Sparwasser T, Peschel C, Förster I, Ruland J (Aug 2006). "Card9 controls a non-TLR signalling pathway for innate anti-fungal immunity". Nature. 442 (7103): 651–6. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..651G. doi:10.1038/nature04926. PMID 16862125. S2CID 4405404.
  9. Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, Schäffer AA, Woellner C, Salzer U, Pfeifer D, Veelken H, Warnatz K, Tahami F, Jamal S, Manguiat A, Rezaei N, Amirzargar AA, Plebani A, Hannesschläger N, Gross O, Ruland J, Grimbacher B (Oct 2009). "A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (18): 1727–35. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810719. PMC 2793117. PMID 19864672.
  10. Lanternier F, Pathan S, Vincent QB, Liu L, Cypowyj S, Prando C, Migaud M, Taibi L, Ammar-Khodja A, Boudghene Stambouli O, Guellil B, Jacobs F, Goffard JC, Schepers K, del Marmol V, Boussofara L, Denguezli M, Larif M, Bachelez H, Michel L, Lefranc G, Hay R, Jouvion G, Chretien F, Fraitag S, Bougnoux ME, Boudia M, Abel L, Lortholary O, Casanova JL, Picard C, Grimbacher B, Puel A (2013). "Deep dermatophytosis and inherited CARD9 deficiency". N Engl J Med. 369 (18): 1704–14. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208487. PMC 4084693. PMID 24131138.
  11. Evans DM, Spencer CC, Pointon JJ, Su Z, Harvey D, Kochan G, et al. (August 2011). "Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility". Nat. Genet. 43 (8): 761–7. doi:10.1038/ng.873. PMC 3640413. PMID 21743469.
  12. Rivas MA, Beaudoin M, Gardet A, Stevens C, Sharma Y, Zhang CK, et al. (October 2011). "Deep resequencing of GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease". Nature Genetics. 43 (11): 1066–73. doi:10.1038/ng.952. PMC 3378381. PMID 21983784.
  13. Cao Z, Conway KL, Heath RJ, Rush JS, Leshchiner ES, Ramirez-Ortiz ZG, et al. (October 2015). "Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM62 Regulates CARD9-Mediated Anti-fungal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation". Immunity. 43 (4): 715–26. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.005. PMC 4672733. PMID 26488816.
  14. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID 85911512.
  15. "International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium".
  16. Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
  17. Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
  18. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247. S2CID 18872015.
  19. White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Sanger Institute Mouse Genetics Project, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP (2013). "Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
  20. "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".
  21. "OBCD Consortium".

Further reading
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