Cambridge

Cambridge (/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/[2] KAYM-brij) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately 55 miles (89 km) north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, the population of the Cambridge built-up area (which is larger than the remit of Cambridge City Council) was 158,434 including 29,327 students.[3] Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.

Cambridge City of Cambridge
City and non-metropolitan district
King's College Chapel, seen from the Backs
Coat of arms
Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire
Cambridge Location within England Cambridge Location within the United Kingdom Cambridge Location within Europe
Coordinates: 52°12′19″N 0°07′09″E
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	East of England
Ceremonial county	Cambridgeshire
Admin HQ	Cambridge Guildhall
Founded	1st century
City status	1951
Government
• Type	Non-metropolitan district, city
• Governing body	Cambridge City Council
• Mayor	Russ McPherson (L)
• MPs:	Daniel Zeichner (L) Anthony Browne (C)
Area
• Total	40.7 km^2 (15.71 sq mi)
Elevation	6 m (20 ft)
Population  (mid-2019 est. -)
• Total	124,798 (ranked 186th)
• Ethnicity (2011)[1]	66% White British 1.4% White Irish 15% White Other 1.7% Black British 3.2% Mixed Race 11% British Asian & Chinese 1.6% other
Demonym(s)	Cantabrigian
Time zone	UTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode	CB1 – CB5
Area code(s)	01223
ONS code	12UB (ONS) E07000008 (GSS)
OS grid reference	TL450588
Website	www.cambridge.gov.uk

The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209.[4] The buildings of the university include King's College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.

Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca, a hotel, and the relocated Royal Papworth Hospital.[5]

The first game of association football took place at Parker's Piece. The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads. Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King's Cross railway station.

History

Prehistory

Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.[6] Archaeological evidence of occupation through the Iron Age is a settlement on Castle Hill from the 1st century BC, perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain linked to the arrival of the Belgae.[7]

Roman

The principal Roman site is a small fort (castrum) Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill.[8] It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads[9] and a village in the Cambridge district of Newnham.[10]

Medieval

Trinity Street, pictured in 2008. Trinity College is on the left, with St John's College in the background.

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410, the location may have been abandoned by the Britons, although the site is usually identified as Cair Grauth[11] listed among the 28 cities of Britain by the History of the Britons.[12][14] Evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.[15] Their settlement – also on and around Castle Hill – became known as Grantebrycge.[17] ("Granta-bridge"). (By Middle English, the settlement's name had changed to "Cambridge", and the lower stretches of the Granta changed their name to match.[18]) Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of Etheldreda.[16] Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.[16]

St Bene't's Church, the oldest standing building in Cambridgeshire, situated next to Corpus Christi College[19]

Peterhouse was the first college to be founded in the University of Cambridge.

The President's Lodge, Queens' College.

The arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878[20] Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.[20] After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches such as St Bene't's Church, wharves, merchant houses and a mint, which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".[20]

In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill.[16] Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies.

The first town charter was granted by Henry I between 1120 and 1131. It gave Cambridge monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised the borough court.[21] The distinctive Round Church dates from this period.[22] In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility.[23][24] The oldest existing college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.[25]

In 1349 Cambridge was affected by the Black Death. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at King's Hall died.[26] The town north of the river was severely affected being almost wiped out.[27] Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church.[26] With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen, namely Gonville Hall, Trinity Hall, Corpus Christi and Clare.[28]

In 1382 a revised town charter effects a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the Peasants' Revolt. The charter transfers supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, and forestalling and regrating, from the town to the university.[21] King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI.[29] The chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515, its history intertwined with the Wars of the Roses, and completed during the reign of King Henry VIII.[29] The building would become synonymous with Cambridge, and currently is used in the logo for the City Council.[30]

Early modern

Cambridge in 1575

Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th Century,[31] sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction of Hobson's Conduit in the early 1600s. Water was brought from Nine Wells, at the foot of the Gog Magog Hills, into the centre of the town.[32]

Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the English Civil War as it was the headquarters of the Eastern Counties Association, an organisation administering a regional East Anglian army, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort before the formation of the New Model Army.[33] In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament to Oliver Cromwell, who had been educated at Sidney Sussex College.[34] The town's castle was fortified and garrisoned with troops and some bridges were destroyed to aid its defence. Although Royalist forces came within 2 miles (3 km) of the town in 1644, the defences were never used and the garrison was stood down the following year.[33]

Early-industrial era

In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly, due in part to increased life expectancy and improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.[35] The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington.[33]

The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line. The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates.[36] With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station, such as Romsey Town.[37] The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt.[35]

20th and 21st centuries

From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large council estates.[38] The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of East Chesterton, King's Hedges, and Arbury where Archbishop Rowan Williams lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.[39]

During the Second World War, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with an R.A.F. training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire established during the conflict.[33] The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.[35] During the war Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London.[33]

Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.[33] Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely. In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.[40] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.[41]

The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin. The Open University also has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road.[42]

Governance

Local government

Map showing the 2010 electoral boundaries of the city, with postcode districts superimposed.

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district served by Cambridge City Council. Cambridge Local Authority District covers most of the City's urban area but some extends outside this into South Cambridgeshire District. Cambridge is one of five districts within the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by the mainly rural South Cambridgeshire district. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor,[43] although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.[44] City councillors now elect a mayor annually.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King's Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton. The political composition of the city council is currently: 25 Labour councillors, 14 Liberal Democrat, 2 independent and one Conservative.[45]

Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council. Responsible for services including school education, social care and highways, since 2017 the County Council has been controlled by the Conservative Party.[46]

Westminster

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city; Daniel Zeichner (Labour) has represented the seat since the 2015 general election. The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015. A southern area of the city, Queen Edith's ward,[47] falls within in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Anthony Browne (Conservative), first elected in 2019.

The University of Cambridge formerly had two seats in the House of Commons; Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most notable MPs. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies.

Geography and environment

Aerial view of Cambridge city centre

Cambridge is situated about 55 miles (89 km) north-by-east of London and 95 miles (152 kilometres) east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 and 24 metres (20 and 79 ft) above sea level.[48] The town was thus historically surrounded by low lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.[49]

The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of gault clay and Chalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,[50] partly overlaid by terrace gravel.[49] A layer of phosphatic nodules (coprolites) under the marl were mined in the 19th century for fertiliser. It became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as the Corn Exchange, Fulbourn Hospital and St. John's Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.[50]

The River Cam flows through the city from the village of Grantchester, to the southwest. It is bordered by water meadows within the city such as Sheep's Green as well as residential development.[49] Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.

The rear of Old Court, Clare College, taken from the Backs.

Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1[51] and Accordia schemes near the station,[52] and developments such as Great Kneighton, formally known as Clay Farm,[53] and Trumpington Meadows[54] currently under construction in the south of the city. Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green (formerly NIAB), and University-led developments at West Cambridge and North West Cambridge, (Eddington).

The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.[55]

Climate

The city has an oceanic climate. (Köppen: Cfb).[56] Cambridge currently has two official weather observing stations, the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), about 1 mile (2 km) north of the city boundary near Histon, and the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, about 1 mile south of the city centre. In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the University's Department of Computer Science and Technology[57] maintains a weather station on the West Cambridge site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an app, and also an archive dating back to 1995.[58]

The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the Gulf Stream. Located in the driest region of Britain,[59][60] Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570 mm (22.44 in) per year, around half the national average,[61] The driest recent year was in 2011 with 380.4 mm (14.98 in)[62] of rain at the Botanic Garden and 347.2 mm (13.67 in) at the NIAB site.[63] This is just below the semi-arid precipitation threshold for the area, which is 350mm of annual precipitation.[64] Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with 812.7 mm (32.00 in) reported.[65] Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.

Owing to its low lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. July 2006 for example recorded the highest official mean monthly maximum (i.e. averaged over the entire month) of any month at any location in the UK since records began; 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), at both the NIAB[66] and Botanic Garden[67] observing stations. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB[68] and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[69] are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.[70] The absolute maximum stands at 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) recorded on 25 July 2019 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden,[71] which is also the national all time temperature record. Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,[72] with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5 °C (88.7 °F)[73] over the same period.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947,[74] although a minimum of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.[75] More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012,[76] −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 22 January 2013[77] and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)[78] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[79] to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden[80] per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).[81] Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.

Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.

Climate data for Cambridge University Botanic Garden[lower-alpha 1], elevation: 13 m (43 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1914–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	14.9 (58.8)	18.8 (65.8)	23.9 (75.0)	27.4 (81.3)	31.1 (88.0)	34.0 (93.2)	38.7 (101.7)	36.9 (98.4)	33.9 (93.0)	29.3 (84.7)	21.1 (70.0)	15.8 (60.4)	38.7 (101.7)
Average high °C (°F)	7.4 (45.3)	8.0 (46.4)	11.1 (52.0)	13.8 (56.8)	17.5 (63.5)	20.4 (68.7)	23.1 (73.6)	22.8 (73.0)	19.6 (67.3)	15.2 (59.4)	10.5 (50.9)	7.7 (45.9)	14.8 (58.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.4 (39.9)	4.6 (40.3)	7.1 (44.8)	9.1 (48.4)	12.4 (54.3)	15.3 (59.5)	17.8 (64.0)	17.5 (63.5)	14.8 (58.6)	11.2 (52.2)	7.2 (45.0)	4.7 (40.5)	10.5 (50.9)
Average low °C (°F)	1.4 (34.5)	1.2 (34.2)	3.0 (37.4)	4.3 (39.7)	7.3 (45.1)	10.2 (50.4)	12.4 (54.3)	12.2 (54.0)	10.0 (50.0)	7.2 (45.0)	3.9 (39.0)	1.7 (35.1)	6.2 (43.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−16.1 (3.0)	−17.2 (1.0)	−11.7 (10.9)	−6.1 (21.0)	−4.4 (24.1)	−0.6 (30.9)	2.2 (36.0)	3.3 (37.9)	−2.2 (28.0)	−6.1 (21.0)	−13.3 (8.1)	−15.6 (3.9)	−17.2 (1.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	46.0 (1.81)	34.6 (1.36)	38.6 (1.52)	40.3 (1.59)	46.7 (1.84)	52.1 (2.05)	50.7 (2.00)	53.6 (2.11)	54.3 (2.14)	57.7 (2.27)	54.9 (2.16)	46.9 (1.85)	576.2 (22.69)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	10.7	8.4	9.9	8.9	8.1	9.2	8.4	8.2	8.4	9.5	10.2	9.7	109.6
Source: KNMI[82]

Climate data for Cambridge NIAB[lower-alpha 2], elevation: 26 m (85 ft), 1981–2010 normals
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	7.3 (45.1)	7.7 (45.9)	10.6 (51.1)	13.3 (55.9)	16.9 (62.4)	19.9 (67.8)	22.8 (73.0)	22.6 (72.7)	19.3 (66.7)	14.9 (58.8)	10.3 (50.5)	7.5 (45.5)	14.5 (58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.5 (40.1)	4.5 (40.1)	6.9 (44.4)	8.8 (47.8)	12.0 (53.6)	15.1 (59.2)	17.6 (63.7)	17.5 (63.5)	14.9 (58.8)	11.3 (52.3)	7.3 (45.1)	4.7 (40.5)	10.4 (50.7)
Average low °C (°F)	1.6 (34.9)	1.3 (34.3)	3.1 (37.6)	4.3 (39.7)	7.1 (44.8)	10.2 (50.4)	12.4 (54.3)	12.4 (54.3)	10.4 (50.7)	7.6 (45.7)	4.2 (39.6)	1.9 (35.4)	6.4 (43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	46.6 (1.83)	34.5 (1.36)	38.3 (1.51)	41.2 (1.62)	46.0 (1.81)	51.5 (2.03)	47.5 (1.87)	50.8 (2.00)	53.5 (2.11)	59.0 (2.32)	52.8 (2.08)	46.4 (1.83)	568.1 (22.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	10.5	8.0	9.6	8.8	8.0	8.9	8.3	8.0	8.4	9.4	9.8	9.8	107.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	58.3	77.1	110.7	152.5	179.4	176.7	187.6	182.6	139.5	113.9	66.7	49.3	1,494.5
Source: Met Office[83]

Ecology

The city contains three Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,[84] and ten Local Nature Reserves (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen, Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.[85]

Green belt

Cambridge is completely enclosed by green belt as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.[86][87] While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire[88] and nearby East Cambridgeshire[89] districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further urban sprawl and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.[90]

Demography

At the 2011 Census, the population of the Cambridge contiguous built-up area (urban area) was 158,434,[91] while that of the City Council area was 123,867.[92]

In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.[93] Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).[94]

Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[95] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).[95] In addition, 41.2% have a higher-level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%).[96]

Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018. Residents' income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured, with its top 6% earners accounting for 19% of its total income and the bottom 20% for only 2%, and a Gini coefficient of 0.460 in 2018.[97][98]

Historical population

Year	Population			Year	Population
1749	6,131			1901	38,379
⋮				1911	40,027
1801	10,087			1921	59,212
1811	11,108			1931	66,789
1821	14,142			1951	81,500
1831	20,917			1961	95,527
1841	24,453			1971	99,168
1851	27,815			1981	87,209
1861	26,361			1991	107,496
1871	30,078			2001	108,863
1891	36,983			2011	123,900

Local census 1749[99] Census: Regional District 1801–1901[100] Civil Parish 1911–1961[101] District 1971–2011[102]

Economy

The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, privileging this area of the economy of Cambridge[103] The town market provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such as Stourbridge Fair and Midsummer Fair were visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".[104] For example, 2000 firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the North East, particularity Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.[104] Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.[105]

Cambridge Market viewed from the Tower of St. Mary the Great

Today Cambridge has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research & development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.[106] Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" by Forbes in 2010,[107] with the view from The Backs being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England by National Trust chair Simon Jenkins, tourism generates over £750 million for the city's economy.[108]

Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.[109] Cambridge Science Park, which is the largest commercial R&D centre in Europe, is owned by Trinity College;[110][111] St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre.[112] Technology companies include Abcam, CSR, ARM Limited, CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair.[113] Microsoft has located its Microsoft Research UK offices in West Cambridge, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading, and also has an office on Station Road.

Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd, founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye, who worked in the Cavendish Laboratory; it began by supplying the University and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.[35] Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Sepura. Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other. The software company Autonomy Corporation is located at the Business Park on Cowley Road.

Transport

A guided bus on the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway

Because of its rapid growth in the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road network.[114] The M11 motorway from east London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins the A14, a major freight route which connects the port of Felixstowe on the east coast with the Midlands. The A428 connects the city with the A1 at St Neots: the route continues westwards towards Oxford (as the A421) via Bedford and Milton Keynes. The A10 connects the city to King's Lynn to the north via Ely, and is the historic route south to the City of London.

As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic congestion, Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.[115] According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.[116]

Cambridge has five Park and Ride sites, all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.[117] Since 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from St Ives, Huntingdon, and other towns and villages along the routes, operated by Stagecoach in the Fens and Whippet.[118] The A service continues on to the railway station and Addenbrookes, before terminating at a new Park and Ride in Trumpington. Since 2017 it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station.

Although Cambridge has its own airport, Cambridge City Airport, it has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights as well FBO services.[119] London Stansted Airport, about 30 miles (48 km) south via the M11 or direct rail, offers a broad range of international destinations.

Rail

Cambridge railway station.

Cambridge railway station was opened in 1845, initially linking to Bishopsgate station in London, via Bishops Stortford.[120] Further lines opened throughout the 19th century, including the Cambridge and St Ives branch line, the Stour Valley Railway, the Cambridge to Mildenhall railway, and the Varsity Line to Oxford. Another station was opened in Cherry Hinton though, at the time, this was a separate village to Cambridge. Several of these lines were closed during the 1960s.

Today, Cambridge station has direct rail links to London with termini at London King's Cross (via the Cambridge Line and the East Coast Main Line), Liverpool Street (on the West Anglia Main Line), and St Pancras (on the Thameslink line). Commuter trains to King's Cross run every half-hour during peak hours, with a journey time of 53 minutes.[121] Trains also run to King's Lynn and Ely (via the Fen Line), Norwich (via the Breckland Line), Leicester, Birmingham, Peterborough, Stevenage, Ipswich, Stansted Airport, Brighton and Gatwick Airport railway stations.

A second railway station, Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017, having originally planned to open in March 2015.[122][123][124] A third railway station, Cambridge South, near Addenbrooke's Hospital has been proposed.[125] It is expected to open in 2025.[126]

In February 2020, consultations opened for a commuter light railway known as the Cambridge Autonomous Metro. It will connect the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations, Cambridge Science Park, and Haverhill.[127]

Education

Anglia Ruskin University evolved from the nineteenth century Cambridge School of Art, opened by educationist and art figure John Ruskin in 1858

Cambridge's two universities,[128] the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.[129] Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662,[130] and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.[131] ARU now (2019) has additional campuses in London and Perborough. State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College, and Cambridge Regional College.

Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total,[132] 35 of them in Cambridge city.[133] Netherhall School, Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College), North Cambridge Academy and the Christian inter-denominational St Bede's School provide comprehensive secondary education.[134] Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.[135] Independent schools in the city include The Perse School, Stephen Perse Foundation, Sancton Wood School, St Mary's School, Heritage School and The Leys School.[136] The city has one university technical college, Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology, which opened in September 2014.

Sport

Football

Parker's Piece

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a 'defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules' which again were first played on Parker's Piece.[137]

The city is home to Cambridge United FC, who play at the Abbey Stadium. Formed in 1912, as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business. Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons, and in 1992 they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created FA Premier League. But they were beaten in the playoffs and another decline set in, which was completed in 2005 when they were relegated from the Football League and for the second time in 20 years narrowly avoided going out of business. After nine years of non-league football they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning the Conference National playoffs.

Cambridge City FC of the Southern Football League Premier Division now play in the adjoining village of Histon. Formed in Cambridge in 1908 as Cambridge Town, the club were Southern Premier League champions in 1962–63, the highest they have finished in the English football pyramid. After a legal dispute with their landlords,[138] the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow Southern League Premier club Histon FC in 2013-14 and intend to construct a new ground outside the city, in Sawston.

Cricket

As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.[139] The University of Cambridge's cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.[140] There are seven amateur cricket clubs within the city: Cambridge Granta, Camden, Cambridge St Giles, New Chesterton Institute, Fen Ditton, Romsey Town and Cherry Hinton.[141]

Rugby

The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football. Rugby Union club Cambridge R.U.F.C. were founded in 1923,[142] and play in National League 1[143] at their home ground, Grantchester Road, in the southwest corner of the city. Cambridge Lions represent the city in rugby league, and are members of East Rugby League.[144]

Watersports

Bumps race on the River Cam

The River Cam running through the city centre is used for boating. The University and its colleges are well known for rowing and the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association, formed in 1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University.[145] Rowing clubs based in the city include City of Cambridge RC, Cambridge '99 RC, Cantabrigian RC and Rob Roy BC. Shallower parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.

Cambridge Swimming Club, Cambridge Dive team, and City of Cambridge Water Polo Club are all based at Parkside Swimming Pool.[146]

Greyhound racing

There are three known former venues for greyhound racing in Cambridge. The most significant venue was the racing held around the City Ground which was licensed by the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) and took place from 1968 to 1984. The other two venues were independent tracks and known as a flapping tracks, the nickname given to non-NGRC tracks.[147] They were at Coldham Road, which was opened by the Cambridge and District Greyhound Racing Club on 10 April 1931, and Cowper Lane which also opened in 1931.[148]

Other sports

Cambridge is home to two Real Tennis courts (out of just 42 in the world) at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.[149] British American Football League club Cambridgeshire Cats play at Coldham's Common. Cambridge Royals are members of the British Baseball Federation's Triple-A South Division.[150] Cambridge has two cycling clubs: Team Cambridge[151] and Cambridge Cycling Club.[152] Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club[153] is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track. Cambridge Handball Club compete in the men's England Handball National Super 8 League, and the women's England Handball National Super 7 League. There are three field hockey clubs; Cambridge City Hockey Club, Cambridge South Hockey Club and Cambridge Nomads. The city is also represented in polo by Cambridge Polo Club, based in Barton, just outside the city. The Romsey Town Rollerbillies play roller derby in Cambridge.[154] Speedway racing was formerly staged at a greyhound stadium in Coldhams Lane.[155]

Varsity sports

Cambridge is also known for the sporting events between the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford, especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race, though many of these do not take place within Cambridge.

Culture

Theatre

Cambridge Corn Exchange

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.[156] The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1,800 standing or 1,200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.[157] The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.[157] The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part of Cambridge Junction in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy[158] The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non-student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.

Museums

Within the city there are several notable museums, some run by the University of Cambridge Museums consortium and others independent of it.

The Fitzwilliam Museum is the city's largest, and is the lead museum of the University of Cambridge Museums. Founded in 1816 from the bequeathment and collections of Richard, Viscount FitzWilliam, the museum was originally located in the building of the Perse Grammar School in Free School Lane.[159] After a brief housing in the University of Cambridge library, it moved to its current, purpose-built building on Trumpington Street in 1848.[159] The museum has five departments: Antiquities; Applied Arts; Coins and Medals; Manuscripts and Printed Books; and Paintings, Drawings and Prints. Other members of the University of Cambridge Museums are the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Polar Museum, The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Museum of Classical Archaeology, The Whipple Museum of the History of Science, and the University Museum of Zoology.

The Museum of Cambridge, formerly known as the Cambridge & County Folk Museum, is a social history museum located in a former pub on Castle Street.[160] The Centre for Computing History, a museum dedicated to the story of the Information age, moved to Cambridge from Haverhill in 2013.[161] Housed in a former sewage pumping station, the Cambridge Museum of Technology has a collection of large exhibits related to the city's industrial heritage.

Popular music

Pink Floyd are the most notable band with roots in Cambridge. The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member, Roger Waters, went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. David Gilmour, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School. Bands that were formed in Cambridge include Clean Bandit, Henry Cow, The Movies, Katrina and the Waves, The Soft Boys,[162] Ezio[163] The Broken Family Band,[164] Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats,[165] and the pop-classical group King's Singers, who were formed at the University.[166] Solo artist Boo Hewerdine[167] is from Cambridge, as are drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics. Singers Matthew Bellamy,[168] of the rock band Muse, Tom Robinson,[169] and Olivia Newton-John[170] were born in the city. 2012 Mercury Prize winners Alt-J are based in Cambridge.[171]

Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include the Cambridge Corn Exchange, Cambridge Junction and the Portland Arms.

Classical music

Started in 1991, the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November.[172] The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July.[173]

Contemporary art

Cambridge contains the Kettle's Yard gallery and the artist run organisations Aid and Abet, Cambridge Art Salon, and Changing Spaces.[174] Wysing Arts Centre, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe, is associated with the city, though is located several miles west of Cambridge.[175] Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art.[176]

Festivals and events

Strawberry Fair

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John.[177] Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with various market stalls. For one week in May, on Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974.[178]

Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the University's colleges and chapels.[179] The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.[180] Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, moving to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.[181]

The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.[182] Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.[183] Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair, held the first Saturday of December,[184] the E-luminate Festival, which has taken place every November since 2013,[185] and The Big Weekend, is a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July.[186]

Three Cambridge Free Festivals held in 1969, 1970, and 1971 that featured artists including David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, Spontaneous Combustion, UFO and others are believed by the festival organiser to have been the first free multiple-day rock music festivals held in the UK.[187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195]

Literature and film

The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Rose Macaulay's They Were Defeated,[196] Kate Atkinson's Case Histories,[197] Rebecca Stott's Ghostwalk[198] and Robert Harris' Enigma,[199][200] while Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge.[201] Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir Period Piece and The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book written by Noel Symington under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.[202]

Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional college in Porterhouse Blue.[203]

ITV TV series Granchester was partly filmed in Cambridge.[204]

Public services

Addenbrooke's Hospital

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres in the city and a teaching hospital at Addenbrooke's. Located on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom and is a designated regional trauma centre.

The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.[205] The smaller Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road.[206] Cambridgeshire Constabulary provides the city's policing; the main police station is at Parkside,[207] adjacent to the city's fire station, operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.[208]

Cambridge Water Company supplies water services to the city,[209] while Anglian Water provides sewerage services.[210] For the supply of electricity, Cambridge is part of the East of England region, for which the distribution network operator is UK Power Networks.[211] The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.[212] The Cambridge Electric Supply Company had provided the city with electricity since the early twentieth century from Cambridge power station. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the small 7.26 megawatt (MW) coal fired power station redundant. It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished; in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 MWh of electricity to the city.[213]

Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[214] It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[214] and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,[215] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[215][216] As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council.[217]

The Cambridge City Cemetery is located to the north of Newmarket Road.

Religion

Great St Mary's Church marks the centre of Cambridge, while the Senate House on the left is the centre of the University. Gonville and Caius College is in the background.

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely.[218] Great St Mary's Church has the status of "University Church".[219] Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman Catholic.[220] The city also has a number of theological colleges training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University.

Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia and is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road, St Laurence's on Milton Road, St Vincent De Paul Church on Ditton Lane and by the church of St Philip Howard, in Cherry Hinton Road.[221]

There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Diocese of Sourozh who worship at the chapel of Westcott House,[222] the Greek Orthodox Church holds services at the purpose-built St Athanasios church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain,[223] while the Romanian Orthodox Church share St Giles' with the Church of England.[224]

St Botolph's Church, next to Corpus Christi College.

Wesley Methodist Church

Castle Street Methodist Church

There are two Methodist churches in the city. Wesley Methodist Church was built in 1913, and is located next to Christ's Pieces. The Castle Street Methodist Church is the oldest of the two, having been built in 1823, and was formerly a Primitive Methodist church.

There are three Quaker Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets in Pembroke College.[225]

An Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to the Union of Jewish Students.[226][227] The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which previously met at a local school,[228] opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.[229] There is also a student-led egalitarian minyan which holds services on Friday evenings.

Cambridge Central Mosque atrium, looking out towards Mill Road

Cambridge Central Mosque is the main place of worship for Cambridge's community of around 4,000 Muslims.[230][231] Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque[232] and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship.[233][234][235]

Cambridge Buddhist Centre which belongs to Triratna Buddhist Community was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.[236] There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist traditions like Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society that are available for anyone to explore Buddhism and Buddhist meditation practices.[237] A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road.[238][239]

Twinned cities

Cambridge is twinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population; Heidelberg, Germany since 1965,[240] and Szeged, Hungary since 1987.[240]

Panoramic gallery

King's Parade, seen from outside St. Mary the Great

Panorama of the city centre, viewed from the tower of St. Mary the Great

Panorama of Trinity Street

See also

• List of bridges in Cambridge
• List of churches in Cambridge
• Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies
• Category:Buildings and structures in Cambridge
• Category:Organisations based in Cambridge
• Category:People from Cambridge

Notes

1. Weather station is located 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the Cambridge city centre.
2. Weather station is located 3 miles (5 km) from the Cambridge city centre.

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Further reading

• Bowes, Robert (1894), A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University, town & county of Cambridge, from 1521 to 1893, Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes, OCLC 1064186, OL 23284674M
• Rawle, Tim (author and photographer), John Adamson (editor). Cambridge (new ed. with foreword by William Bortrick). Cambridge: The Oxbridge Portfolio (2016), 204 pp. ISBN 978-0-9572867-2-6

External links

• Cambridge City Council
• The Cambridge Market Place Webcam
• Cambridgeshire Association for Local History
• Cambridgeshire Community Archives
• The official tourism website for Cambridge