Casualty recording

Casualty recording is the systematic and continuous process of documenting individual direct deaths from armed conflict or violence. It aims to create a comprehensive account of all deaths within a determined scope, usually bound by time and location. At minimum, casualty recording typically involves documenting the date and location of a violent incident; the number of people killed; the means of violence or category of weapon used; and the party responsible.[1][2] Casualty recording differs from casualty tracking, which is conducted exclusively by military actors to track the effects of their operations on the civilian population for the purpose of improving their procedures and mitigating their effects.[3]

Nyanza Genocide Memorial Site, monument listing names of victims

A defining feature of casualty recording is that it is victim-centric and seeks to establish the identity of every fatality including name, age, sex, and other relevant demographic details.[1] Where relevant to the conflict context, this may also include ethnicity and religious or political affiliation. However, depending on the aims and resources of the organisation conducting the recording, a particular initiative may record only a specific subset of deaths. Subsets may include, for example, deaths caused by a specific belligerent or weapons type, or deaths of a particular segment of the population, such as children.

Casualty recording focuses on documenting direct deaths from armed violence. It does not normally include deaths caused by the indirect or reverberating effects of conflict.[4] Some casualty recording initiatives document injuries as well as deaths. Casualty records may overlap with, or operate in conjunction with, records of persons who have gone missing during a conflict or period of violence.[5]

Aims and uses

Practitioners have different aims and motivations for conducting casualty recording. Typically these are grounded in considerations relating to international humanitarian law or human rights law.[6][7] Casualty records have also been used to support some humanitarian disarmament initiatives.[8]

The purported aims of casualty records include:

  • Recognising the dignity and rights of victims and their families, including the right to life and the right to the truth.[7] This work often overlaps with efforts to trace missing people in situations of armed conflict.
  • Supporting accountability and peace building processes including memorialisation, transitional justice and criminal prosecutions for war crimes or crimes against humanity.[9] These activities can play an important role in reducing cycles of violence and promoting community reconciliation.
  • Supporting the protection of civilians by providing information to reduce unintended consequences of military activities and improve humanitarian response planning.[10][11][12]
  • Informing media reporting and policy makers on conflict dynamics.[13]
  • Informing, monitoring and improving protection measures aimed at specific populations affected by armed violence including children, women, persons with disabilities, journalists, health workers and older persons.[8][14]
  • Enabling victims' families to receive reparation, compensation and access to services, as well as inheritance rights.[15]
  • Identifying the unintended and unacceptable harm to civilians caused by the use of certain weapons. Casualty data on anti-personnel landmines and cluster munitions helped drive international efforts to ban these weapons, and information on the effects of explosive weapons in populated areas is informing efforts to curb their use.[16][17]
Memorial of victims of Kosovo war

History

The twenty-first century practice of monitoring and publishing detailed online information on the human casualties of armed conflicts is sometimes associated with the Iraq Body Count project that started monitoring Iraqi deaths in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Iraq Body Count estimates, the 2004 and 2006 Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties and the ORB survey of Iraq War casualties[18] led to several years of academic debate over the accuracy of the various surveys of the total casualties of the Iraq War.[19]

Methodology and standards

Approaches to casualty recording vary depending on the context, purpose and resources of the organisation responsible. In 2016, Standards for Casualty Recording were published by the UK-based NGO Every Casualty Worldwide, in an effort to harmonise approaches across the field and promote best practice.

The data gathered by a casualty recording project will generally be stored in an electronic or paper-based database, but there is no standard format for sharing or publishing the final results. Some casualty recorders, such as Iraq Body Count project and Yemen Data Project, make their records publicly available online and searchable. Casualty recorders have also published books of their records, such as the Kosovo Memory Book and Lost Lives (relating to deaths from the conflict in Northern Ireland). Lost Lives was subsequently reproduced as a documentary film in 2019.[20] Casualty data may also be used to produce digital or physical memorials of those who died, as in the case of Remembering The Ones We Lost, which memorialises individuals who were killed or went missing during the conflict in South Sudan.

Practitioners

Casualty recording is frequently conducted by civil society organisations in the absence of official recording processes led by state entities.[21] In some armed conflict situations, public services normally involved in recording deaths (including hospitals and other health services, as well as coroners and police forces) are no longer functioning effectively. There may also be political reasons why state authorities do not publish or share information on conflict related deaths. Some internationally mandated entities, including UN peacekeeping missions or commissions of inquiry, conduct casualty recording as part of their broader work.

Examples of organisations which conduct, or have conducted, casualty recording include:

Non-conflict casualty recording

Although casualty recording typically relates to deaths resulting from armed conflict, specialised casualty recording projects not directly related to armed violence also exist. These include projects focused on recording deaths from gender based violence and deaths or disappearances of migrants, homeless people and other vulnerable groups. Examples of such initiatives include:

References
  1. Standards for Casualty Recording. Every Casualty Worldwide. 2016.
  2. "Publication". css.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  3. "Backgrounder: Tracking Civilian Harm". Center for Civilians in Conflict. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  4. ":: everycasualty". www.everycasualty.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  5. "Clarifying the fate of missing persons". Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. 2016-09-15. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  6. Russell, Simon; November 2016, 16 (2016-11-08). "Casualty recording in and for the modern age: Why standards matter". Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-10-30.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. Jewell, Nicholas P.; Spagat, Michael; Jewell, Britta L. (2018/ed). "Accounting for Civilian Casualties: From the Past to the Future". Social Science History. 42 (3): 379–410. doi:10.1017/ssh.2018.9. ISSN 0145-5532. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei; Dardagan, Hamit; Serdán, Gabriela Guerrero; Bagnall, Peter M.; Sloboda, John A.; Spagat, Michael (2009-04-16). "The Weapons That Kill Civilians — Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (16): 1585–1588. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0807240. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 19369663.
  9. ":: everycasualty". www.everycasualty.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  10. Dardagan, Iron and Sloboda (Summer 2010). "In Everyone's Interest: Recording All The Dead, Not Just Our Own" (PDF). British Army Journal. 149. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  11. "UN Protection of Civilians :: everycasualty". www.everycasualty.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  12. "V. Casualty recording in armed conflict: methods and normative issues : SIPRI Yearbook 2016". www.sipriyearbook.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  13. Urist, Jacoba (2014-09-29). "Which Deaths Matter?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  14. Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Schlüter, Benjamin; Rodriguez-Llanes, Jose Manuel; Lillywhite, Louis; Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei (2018-01-01). "Patterns of civilian and child deaths due to war-related violence in Syria: a comparative analysis from the Violation Documentation Center dataset, 2011–16". The Lancet Global Health. 6 (1): e103–e110. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30469-2. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 29226821.
  15. "Counting the Cost: Casualty recording practices and realities". AOAV. 2014-04-16. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  16. "Article 36 Casualty Recording UNGA" (PDF). article36.org. October 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  17. "Article36 | Article 36 is a specialist non-profit organisation, focused on reducing harm from weapons. : Casualty recording, critical argument and campaigning against weapons". www.article36.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  18. Cockburn, Andrew (2006-01-09). "How Many Iraqis Have Died Since the US Invasion in 2003?". CounterPunch. Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
  19. Levy, Barry S.; Sidel, Victor W. (March 2016). "Documenting the Effects of Armed Conflict on Population Health". Annual Review of Public Health. 37: 205–218. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021913. PMID 26989827. Although the Roberts and Burnham studies faced some criticism in the news media and elsewhere, part of which may have been politically motivated, these studies have been widely viewed among peers as the most rigorous investigations of Iraq War–related mortality among Iraqi civilians; we agree with this assessment and believe that the Hagopian study is also scientifically rigorous. Although the methodology and results in the four studies cited here have varied somewhat, it is clear that the Iraq War caused, directly and indirectly, a very large number of deaths among Iraqi civilians—which, in fact, may have been underestimated by these scientifically conservative studies. A paper by Tapp and colleagues and a recent report by three country affiliates of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War have extensively reviewed these four epidemiological studies as well as other studies that attempted to assess the impact of the Iraq War on morbidity and mortality.
  20. Lost Lives, archived from the original on 2019-10-31, retrieved 2019-10-30
  21. "Study into good practice :: Every Casualty". www.everycasualty.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
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