Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo

The Railway Company of the Congo (French: Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo, or CCFC) was a narrow gauge railway company in the Congo, which built and operated the Matadi–Kinshasa Railway initially with a gauge of 750 mm.

Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo
Congo Railways at Leopoldville,
a view of the port and the train station
Technical
Track gauge750 mm (2 ft 5½ in)
765 mm (2 ft 6⅛ in)
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Route map
 0 Matadi
 9 Mpozo opened on 30 June 1892
 17 Palabala opened on 10 December 1892
 40 Kengé opened on 1 July 1893
 52 Duisi opened on 4 December 1893
 82 Lufu opened on 1 May 1896
 187 Tumba opened on 23 July 1896
 231 Thysville opened in December 1896
 264 Inkisi opened in April 1897
 320 Tampa opened on 15 September 1897
 364 Kimuenza opened on December 1897
 420 N´Dolo opened on 16 March 1898
 432 Léopoldville west (Kinshasa west) opened 8 July 1898
The following stations were built after regauging
to 1,067 mm in 1924 on a new alignment:
 0 Léopoldville west (Kinshasa west)
 11.1 N´Dolo opened in October 1925
 33.2 Kimuenza opened in September 1926
 95.5 Sona-Bata opened in April 1927
 125.2 Kisantu opened on 25 June 1928
 206.9 Tumba opened in October 1928
 218.6 Lukala opened in Mai 1929
 279.8 Songololo opened in October 1929
 290.3 'km 75' opened in 1930
 362.5 Matadi opened on 24 December 1931

History
The first locomotive arriving at Léopoldville in 1898

The Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo (CCFC) was founded on 31 July 1887, on the same day the Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (CCCI) was founded. The construction of the railway was directed by Albert Thys, whose name was given to one of the railway stations, Thysville (now Mbanza-Ngungu).[1]

The completion of the Matadi–Kinshasa railway, in 1898, provided an alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of Léopoldville. Its construction cost the lives of 1,932 people (1,800 locals and 132 immigrants).[1] The living conditions in the construction of this railway were miserable. The sanitary and medical facilities were insufficient. In 1892, about two thousand people worked on the railroad, of which an average of one hundred and fifty workers per month lost their lives due to smallpox, dysentery, beriberi and exhaustion. By the end of 1892, 7,000 workers had already been recruited, 3,500 of whom had died or fled (for example, to neighboring forests). These conditions made it more difficult to recruit workers. Thys therefore attracted people from Barbados and China in September and November 1892 respectively. The Barbadians refused to leave the boats in the port of Matadi until they were forced by firearms. Seven people lost their lives in this action.[2]

The main challenge was to build the railway track through the gorges of the Congo River, onwards through the M'pozo River, and a difficult passage along the Monts de Cristal.

Gauges
Comparisonof the old and new alignment

Starting in 1890, the railway line was initially built to a nominal gauge of 750 mm (2 ft 5½ in), and all rolling stock was constructed to this gauge. However, as local labour had difficulty understanding the concept of gauge widening on curves, the entire line was rebuilt to a gauge of 765 mm (2 ft 6⅛ in). Modifications were made from 1923 to 1931, when it was converted to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge on a new alignment. Several tens of thousands of workers, mostly convicts and forced labor, were employed for this renovation. 7,000 of them lost their lives in the process.[1]

In spite of the technical and financial difficulties related to the construction of the railway line, it quickly proved to be profitable, mainly thanks to the transportation of ivory and rubber. As a 750 mm (2 ft 5½ in) gauge railway it operated a large fleet of 0-6-0T, 0-6-2T, 2-6-2T steam locomotives before turning to 32 0-6-0+0-6-0 Garratts, and finally 5 outside-framed 2-8-2 locomotives.[1]

Rolling stock
  • Locomotives (765mm gauge)
N°111, Garratt 0-6-0+0-6-0, livery of the Société de Saint-Léonard in Liège, 1913 (N°1744/1913)[3]
N°112-123, Garratt 0-6-0+0-6-0, livery of the Saint-Léonard à Liège, 1920-21 (N°1901-1902/1920)
N°125-132, Garratt 0-6-0+0-6-0, livery of the Saint-Léonard à Liège, 1924 (N°2001-2009/1924)
N°132-142, Garratt 0-6-0+0-6-0, livery of the Saint-Léonard à Liège, 1925 (N°2040-49/1925)

The railway in literature
Staff of Matadi Railway Station with native workers

Joseph Conrad witnessed the hard labour on the railway line, when he worked in the Congo Free State, and subsequently mentioned this in his well-known novel Heart of Darkness.[1]

References
  1. Historical Railway: Congo Railways - Leopoldville - a view of the port and the train station.
  2. Verbeeck, Mathijs (2019). "MASTERPROEF: DWANGARBEID IN DE BELGISCHE RECHTSGESCHIEDENIS (1885- 1945)". Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de rechten (in Dutch). No. 2018–2019.
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2017-10-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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