Conrad von Rosen

Conrad von Rosen (1628–1715) was a soldier from Livonia, who served in the French army under Louis XIV from 1646 on. He fought in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678) and the Nine Years' War (1688–1691). In 1689 he went to Ireland with James II of England and commanded the Jacobite troops during the final stage of the unsuccessful Siege of Derry.

Conrad von Rosen
Portrait painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud in 1705. Note the marshal's baton and the cordon bleu.
Born29 September 1628
Gross-Roop, Swedish Livonia, Swedish Empire
(Now Straupe in the Pārgauja Municipality, Latvia).
Died3 August 1715
Bollwiller, Alsace, France
Allegiance Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of England
Battles/warsBattle of Seneffe
Siege of Derry
Siege of Carrickfergus (1689)
Battle of Landen

Family background

Conrad was born on 29 September 1628 at Gross Roop (now Straupe) in Duchy of Livonia (now in Latvia). He was the third son[1] of Fabian von Rosen (1590–1633) and his wife Sophia (1597–1673). His father's full name was Baron Fabian von Rosen of Klein-Roop and Raiskum; his wife's was Sophie von Mengden of Idsel and Maikendorf.[2] The Von Rosen family was Baltic German and Lutheran.

Early career

As a nobleman's younger son, Conrad von Rosen pursued a military career and in 1644 enlisted in the Swedish army as Livland was at that time controlled by Sweden. However, he was exiled after killing an officer in duel. He then asked a relative, Reinhold von Rosen, who served in the French army, for a chance to relaunch his career. Reinhold appointed him an ensign in his regiment in 1646. Conrad de Rosen, as he was called, rose steadily through the ranks.

Marriage and children

In 1660 he married Marie-Sophie de Rosen (1638–1686),[3] Reinhold's only child. They had ten children, but three boys died in their early childhood. The other seven are:

  1. Reinhold Carl de Rosen (1666–1744), comte de Bollwiller, lieutenant general in the French Army;
  2. Georges Christophe, called the chevalier de Rosen, killed at the Battle of Landen in 1693 as a French captain;
  3. Anne Jeanne (1662–1727), married Nicolas-Frédéric de Rothenbourg (1646–1716);
  4. Maria Sophia (1673–1740), married 1684 Baron Meinrad von Planta von Wildenberg, who was killed in the Battle of Landen in 1693;
  5. Louisa Maria, a nun at the Visitation of Nancy;
  6. Johanna Renata, a nun at the Visitation of Nancy; and
  7. Catharina Magdalena, a nun at the Visitation of Nancy.

His father-in-law died in 1667 and Rosen inherited Dettwiller, Herrenstein, and Bollwiller in Alsace. Bollwiller, however, had been pawned to the Fuggers by Reinhold, and Conrad had to pay his father-in-law's debt. He ceded his claims to parts of the Livonian family properties to his brother Otto (died 1709). In 1669 he became a colonel.

Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678)

In the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), he excelled at the Battle of Seneffe (1674) under Condé and was appointed brigadier. After the campaign of 1675, Condé retired and was replaced by Luxembourg. In 1677 Rosen became maréchal de camp. Under Luxembourg he fought in the siege of Cambrai (1677) and was wounded.[4] He fought, still under Luxembourg, in the Battle of Saint-Denis in August 1678 where he excelled.[5] This was the last battle against the Spanish of the Franco-Dutch war. Peace was signed in September. However, the war against the Empire raged on. Peace between France and the Empire was only signed in January 1679. Rosen therefore served France in autumn 1678 on the upper Rhine under Marshal Créquy fighting the Imperial army under the Duke of Lorraine.

Between the wars

In 1681 in a climate of increasing religious intolerance before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes Rosen found it necessary to convert to Catholicism.[6] His children followed, his wife, however, stayed Lutheran. As a reward he was created comte de Bollwiller but he seems never to have used he title.

In 1682 he accompanied Marquis de La Trousse to Piedmont to ensure security during a risky diplomatic mission.[7] That same year Louis XIV promoted him to lieutenant-general and in 1686 Rosen was appointed commander-in-chief in Languedoc.

Ireland

In the Nine Years' War (1688–97) Louis XIV supported James II of England against William of Orange, who had overthrown James in the Glorious Revolution in England. James had fled to France. Ireland however remained in the hands of James's loyal viceroy Tyrconnell. Louis sent James to Ireland trying to reinstate him on the throne. Rosen arrived in Ireland with him at Kinsale on 12 March 1689, having sailed on the ship-of-the-line Entreprenant.[8] Rosen was the highest-ranking of the French officers sent to Ireland with James. Rosen was given the title Marshal of Ireland for the duration of his participation in the campaign.[9]

Battle of the Fords

On 12 March 1689 Rosen landed with James in Ireland.[10] He went with him to Dublin and then joined the army in the north, taking part in the Jacobite victory at the crossing of the River Finn, called the "passing of the fords". He, together with the General Maumont, crossed the River Finn at Lifford,[11] while Richard Hamilton and Berwick crossed that same river further north at Clady.[12][11] The way to Derry was open.

Siege of Derry
Main article: Siege of Derry

On 18 April Rosen advanced to under the walls of Derry with King James II, who in vain summoned the town to surrender. Rosen then returned to Dublin with the king, leaving the command of the siege to Lieutenant-General Count Maumont, who was however killed about a month later in a sally on 21 April.[13] The command then devolved to Lieutenant-General Richard Hamilton, who lacked experience in conducting sieges. As Hamilton did not make much progress, Rosen was sent back to Derry where he arrived around 20 June.[14] He immediately adopted a much more hard-line approach towards the defenders than his predecessor.[15] Rosen began bombarding the city in a more intense fashion, while also aiming to force the defenders to submit through starvation. He rounded up many Protestant inhabitants of the surrounding countryside who had previously been given legal protections by James and Hamilton, and on 2 July herded them towards the city walls hoping that the sight of them would dispirit the defenders. The garrison responded by threatening to hang Jacobite prisoners who had been taken during the siege. Hamilton quietly reported the matter to King James, who ordered Rosen to immediately cease such activities. James was furious and described the General as a "bloody Muscovite".[16] He then asked Louis XIV to replace de Rosen.

Later service in Ireland

Having failed to take Derry, the Jacobites withdrew southwards. Following the landing of Williamite reinforcements commanded by Schomberg and their capture of Carrickfergus, von Rosen advocated abandoning and burning Dublin and retreating behind the River Shannon,[17] a policy that was rejected by James II. When the Williamite Army was encamped at Dundalk, he dramatically reversed his advice and suggested that the Jacobite army should launch an immediate attack.[18] King James and Tyrconnell rejected this idea as they felt any assault on the entrenched position of the enemy would be suicidal.

In spring 1690 de Rosen and the French ambassador, d'Avaux, were replaced with Lauzun, who assumed both offices: top French commander in Ireland and French ambassador to James II. Lauzun arrived at Cork on 24 March together with seven French regiments. De Rosen and d'Avaux returned to France with that same fleet, departing from Cork on 8 April.

Back on the Continent

On his return to France he was made maítre-de-camp général de la cavalerie.[19] Rosen continued his career on the continent where he served under the Dauphin in Germany. In 1691 he commanded the sector of Cuesmes (or Quesme) south-east of the town in the siege of Mons under Boufflers. He commanded the right wing under Luxembourg in the Battle of Landen in July 1693. His son Georges-Christophe and his son-in-law Meinrad von Planta were killed in this battle. He also took part in the siege of Charleroi in October.

On 14 January 1703 he was one of the ten new Marshals of France appointed by Louis XIV.[20] Together with the nine existing ones that made 19 Marshals of France.[21] Being now marshal, Rosen sold his charge of maître-de-camp général de cavalerie to François Éléanor Montpéroux.[22] In 1705 he became a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit.[23] This gave him the right to wear the blue sash called the cordon bleu that hangs over his right shoulder on his portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud.

Death and timeline

Conrad de Rosen died on 3 August 1715 at his castle in Bollweiler, Alsace.[24] He was succeeded by his eldest son, Reinhold Carl, as comte de Bollwiller.

Notes and references
    1. La Chesnaye des Bois 1872, p. 695: "CONRAD DE ROSEN (troisième fils de FABIEN, premier du nom) ..."
    2. Transehe-Roseneck 1935, p. 1112.
    3. Saint-Simon 1895, p. 32, line 4: "... ayant donné sa fille à Rosen ..."
    4. Anselme 1733a, p. 656: "... se trouva au siège de Cambray, y fut blessé ..."
    5. Rousset 1865, p. 520: "... y trouva M. de Rosen, maréchal de camp, qui n'ayant à ses ordres que ... luttait avec une indomptable énergie ..."
    6. La Chesnaye des Bois 1787, p. 522, line 27: "En 1681, il abjura le Luthéranisme, Religion dans laquelle il étoit né, & embrassa la Religion Catholique."
    7. Rousset 1863, p. 181: "En outre il devait laisser entre les mains de M. de Rosen, qui était son premier lieutenant ..."
    8. Boulger 1911, p. 57: "Entreprenant. MM. de Roze, de Maumont, Boisseleau, Colonel Hamilton (John) ..."
    9. Childs 2007, p. 53: "who bore the brevet title of Maréchal d'Irlande."
    10. Witherow 1879, p. 55, line 21: "On Tuesday the 12th of March, King James arrived at Kinsale from France ..."
    11. Doherty 2008, p. 66, middle: "Rosen recorded that Maumont was the first to enter the river."
    12. FitzJames 1778, p. 47: "De là nous marchâmes, le 15 Avril, au pont de Clady, sur la rivière de Strabane, dont les Rebelles, au nombre de dix mille, vouloient défendre le passage ..."
    13. Walker 1690, p. 21: "they killed above 200 of the Enemies Souldiers, besides Mamow the French General"
    14. Childs 2007, p. 119: "Having been sent by James to support Richard Hamilton, the arrival of general Conrad de Rosen around 20 June with substantial reinforcements marked the opening of the close siege ..."
    15. Barratt 2007, p. 50-51.
    16. Witherow 1879, p. 164: "none but a barbarious Muscovite could have thought of so cruel a contrivance."
    17. Childs 2007, p. 159 top: "Rosen was most concerned about the poor state of affairs and advocated the abandonment of both Drogheda and Dublin preparatory to a withdrawal to Athlone and Limerick behind the line of the Shannon."
    18. Childs 2007, p. 159 middle: "When Rosen learned that Schomberg had halted at Dundalk, he reversed his earlier appreciation and recommended a more forward concentration"
    19. La Chesnaye des Bois 1787, p. 522, line 40: "De retour en France en 1690, Louis XIV le revêtit de la charge de Mestre de Camp Général de la Cavalerie vacante par la mort du comte de Montclar."
    20. Quincy 1726, p. 5: "Cette promotion fut suivie d'une de Maréchaux de France, que le Roi déclara le 14 janvier en nombre de dix, sçavoir: le marquis DE CHAMILLY, M. DE ROSEN ..."
    21. Saint-Simon 1895, p. 7: "Le dimanche 14 janvier, le roi fit dix maréchaux, qui, avec les neuf qui l'étoient, firent dix-neuf: c'étoit pour n'en pas manquer."
    22. Saint-Simon 1895, p. 33: "... il fut mestre de camp général à la mort de Montclar, qu'il vendit à Montpéroux ..."
    23. Anselme 1733b, p. 255: "CONRAD de Rozen, comte de Bollweiller ..."
    24. Saint-Simon 1914, p. 256, line 6: "Le maréchal Rosen mourut à quatre-vingt-huit ans, sain de corps et d'esprit jusqu'à cet âge."
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