Consus

In ancient Roman religion, the god Consus was the protector of grains. He was represented by a grain seed.[1] His altar (ara)[2] was located at the first meta of the Circus Maximus.[3] It was either underground, or according to other sources, covered with earth, which was swept off during the two Consualia, his festivals on August 21 and December 15 and on July 7 when the pontiffs held a sacrifice there.[4] He was thus a chthonic god.[5] The Flamen Quirinalis and the Vestals officiated at his rites.[6]

The etymology of the name Consus is uncertain. It may be of Etruscan or Sabine origin. In the allegorical etymology[7] of antiquity, the name was related to the Latin verb conserere, "to sow," as was the title of the goddess Ops as Consivia or Consiva. The late Republican theologian Varro said that the Consualia were named for Consus.[8] Georges Dumézil[9] and G. Capdeville consider verb condere, to store, to be the best etymology: Consus would be an archaic verbal noun denoting the action of storing grain. Capdeville states that Consus cannot be related to conserere and adjective consivius and advances the hypothesis that condere might have to be taken in the meaning of to found.[10]

The festivals of Ops (Opiconsivia or Opalia) followed his closely, being held every August 25 and December 19, at the time of reaping and the seeding of crops.

Consus became a god associated with secret conferences, as his name was also interpreted allegorically in relation to consilium ("council, assembly"). Servius says that Consus is the god of councils.[11] This fact stems from the role played by Consus in the abduction of the Sabine women, which took place on the occasion of the Consualia aestiva and was considered to have been advised by the god himself. Moreover, Tertullian relates that on one of the metae of the circus maximus an inscription read: "Consus consilio, Mars duello, Lares coillo po[tentes".[12] which may be archaic considering co[v]illo and external factors. This is close to hide too cf. abdere, (abs)condere. This derivation is certain, but on the other hand, as De Vaan[13] writes on the etymology of consilium, it is very uncertain whence consulere-solere, the head word, comes, although very probably not from con-sideo. The ancient sources were very fond of the connection Consus-consilium, Festus included. This power of hidden counselling held by Consus seems to be related to the concept expressed by Dionysius and Plutarch that he is the "holder" of the Earth, an idea that makes of him a parallel to Poseidon. So although it is certain that condere and consulere are from two different roots, it looks the character of Consus as hidden master of the Earth was at the basis of the identification with Poseidon, as well as the strict affinity of the two gods with the horse.

According to G. Capdeville, it was a customary event that games were held at the foundation of a new settlement. These were connected with rituals that included athletic games such as footraces and marriage games along with invitations to settle in the new town: he mentions the instances of Caeculus at Praeneste and other in Crete (Dreros, Hierapytna, Praisos, Lytto, Cnossos). These events had all a religious meaning. In Crete as well as in Rome it looks the god involved was Vulcan (Bελχάνος), i.e. the Cretan Great God, later interpreted as Zeus. In Rome the relationship of Vulcan with Consus is apparent in the dates of their festivals and the fact that the flamen volcanalis officiated at the Kalends of May the sacrifice to Bona Dea.

Consus is perhaps to be identified with "Equestrian Neptune" (Neptunus Equestris). Mule or horse races were the main event of the festival.[3] During the festival horses and mules were garlanded with flowers, and given a rest from work.[3] This fact is ascribed by Capdeville to the fact that Poseidon was the successor of the unknown god of the Arcadian Hippocrateia mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who himself was perhaps the successor of a horse god.[14] A close connection of Consus with the two Pales and of both with the horse looks apparent.[15]

Sources

1. https://www.thecolchesterarchaeologist.co.uk/?p=16928 Missing or empty |title= (help)
2. Michael Lipka, Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach (Brill, 2009), p. 42.
3. Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano (1968). New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Yugoslavia: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 209.
4. Tertullian De Spectaculis V 7.
5. Lipka, Roman Gods, p. 42.
6. Lipka, Roman Gods, p. 57, citing Tertullian, De spectaculis 5.7.
7. On which in general see Davide Del Bello, Forgotten Paths: Etymology and the Allegorical Mindset (Catholic University of America Press, 2007).
8. Varro, De lingua latina 6.20: Consualia dicta a Consus.
9. G. Dumézil La religione romana arcaica Milano 1977 p. 241.
10. G. Capdeville "Les épithètes cultuelles de Janus" in MEFRA 85 2 1973 p . 434; "Jeux athletiques et rituels de fondation" Publications de l' École Française de Rome 1993 p. 177 n. 140.
11. Servius, note to Aeneid 8.636: Consus autem deus est consiliorum.
12. "De Spectaculis" V 7.
13. M. De Vaan Etymological Dictionary of Latin and Italic Languages Leyden 2010 s. v.
14. "Jeux athletiques et rituels de fondation" Publications de l' École Française de Rome 1993 p. 178 n. 141.
15. Above p. 180 n. 149 also citing G. Dumézil article on the mare Viśpala of the RgVeda in Eranos 1956.