Corey–Itsuno reduction

The Corey–Itsuno reduction, also known as the Corey–Bakshi–Shibata (CBS) reduction, is a chemical reaction in which an achiral ketone is enantioselectively reduced to produce the corresponding chiral, non-racemic alcohol. The oxazaborolidine reagent which mediates the enantioselective reduction of ketones was previously developed by the laboratory of Itsuno and thus this transformation may more properly be called the Itsuno-Corey oxazaborolidine reduction.[1]

The CBS reduction

Corey–Itsuno reduction
Named after Elias James Corey
Shinichi Itsuno
Reaction type Organic redox reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal corey-bakshi-shibata-reduction

In 1981, Itsuno and coworkers first reported the use of chiral alkoxy-amine-borane complexes in reducing achiral ketones to chiral alcohols enantioselectively and in high yield.[1] Several years later in 1987, E. J. Corey and coworkers developed the reaction between chiral amino alcohols and borane (BH3), generating oxazaborolidine products which were shown to rapidly catalyze the enantioselective reduction of achiral ketones in the presence of BH3•THF.[2][3]

The CBS Reduction has since been utilized by organic chemists as a reliable method for the asymmetric reduction of achiral ketones. Notably, it has found prominent use not only in a number of natural product syntheses, but has been utilized on large scale in industry (See Scope Below). Several reviews have been published.[4][5][6]

Mechanism

Corey and coworkers originally proposed the following reaction mechanism to explain the selectivity obtained in the catalytic reduction.[2][3]

Mechanism of CBS reduction

The first step of the mechanism involves the coordination of BH3 to the nitrogen atom of the oxazaborolidine CBS catalyst 1. This coordination serves to activate the BH3 as a hydride donor and to enhance the Lewis acidity of the catalyst's endocyclic boron.[5] X-ray crystal structures and 11B NMR spectroscopic analyses of the coordinated catalyst-borane complex 2 have provided support for this initial step.[5][7] Subsequently, the endocyclic boron of the catalyst coordinates to the ketone at the sterically more accessible electron lone pair (i.e. the lone pair closer to the smaller substituent, Rs). This preferential binding in 3 acts to minimize the steric interactions between the ketone (the large RL substituent directed away) and the R’ group of the catalyst, and aligns the carbonyl and the coordinated borane for a favorable, face-selective hydride transfer through a six-membered transition state 4.[8][9] Hydride transfer yields the chiral alkoxyborane 5, which upon acidic workup yields the chiral alcohol 6. The last step to regenerate the catalyst may take place by two different pathways (Path 1 or 2).[10][11][12]

The predominant driving force for this face-selective, intramolecular hydride transfer is the simultaneous activation of the borane reagent by coordination to the Lewis basic nitrogen and the enhancement of the Lewis acidity of the endocyclic boron atom for coordination to the ketone.[5]

Scope and limitations

Stereo and chemoselectivity

The CBS reduction has proven to be an effective and powerful method to reduce a wide range of different types of ketones in both a stereoselective and chemoselective manner. Substrates include a large variety of aryl-aliphatic, di-aliphatic, di-aryl, α,β unsaturated enone and ynone systems, as well as ketones containing heteroatoms.[5][13] Combinations of different derivatives of the CBS catalyst and borane reducing agents have been employed to optimize enantioselectivity.

Scope of CBS reduction

Several interesting cases are worth noting in this selection of substrates. First, in the case of the diaryl system 9, relatively high stereoselectively is achieved despite the isosteric nature of the ketone substituents, suggesting that electronics in addition to sterics may play a role in the stereoselectivity of the CBS reduction.[5] Differences in the substitution of the alkyne moieties in ynones 11 and 12 result in a change of selectivity for the alkyne to function as the more sterically bulky substituent rather than the smaller one. For the α,β unsaturated systems 10-12, efficient reduction of the ketone occurs despite the possible side reaction of hydroboration of the C-C unsaturated bond. The CBS reduction has also been shown to tolerate the presence of heteroatoms as in ketone 13, which is capable of coordinating to the borane.

Experimental considerations and limitations

The presence of water in the reaction mixture has been shown to have a significant effect on enantiomeric excesses, and thus the CBS reduction must be conducted under anhydrous conditions.[14] Temperature also plays a critical role in the observed stereoselectivity. In general, at lower temperatures enantiomeric excesses (ee's) are obtained. However, when the temperature is increased, the ee values reach a maximum value that is dependent on the catalyst structure and borane reducing agent used.[15] The use of the borane reagent catecholborane, which has been shown to participate in CBS reductions carried out at temperatures as low as -126 °C with marked enantioselectivity, offers a potential solution to improving the diminished ee values obtained at lower temperatures.[16][17]

Enantioselectivity issues associated with the use of BH3 as the reducing agent for the CBS reduction have been reported. Commercially available solutions of BH3•THF evaluated by Nettles et al. were shown to contain trace amounts of borohydride species, which participate in nonselective reductions that led to the diminished enantioselectivity.[18] Though the borohydride catalyzed reduction pathway is much slower than the CBS catalyzed reduction, the side reaction still presents a potential challenge to optimize stereoselectivity.

In 2012, Mahale et al. developed a safe and inexpensive procedure for asymmetric reduction of ketones using in situ prepared N,N-diethylaniline-borane and oxazaborolidine catalyst from sodium borohydride, N,N-diethylaniline hydrochloride and (S)-α,α-diphenylprolinol [19]

Variations

Although CBS catalyst 1 developed by Corey has become commonly employed in the CBS reduction reaction, other derivatives of the catalyst have been developed and utilized successfully. The R’ group of the CBS catalyst plays an important role in the enantioselectivity of the reduction, and as illustrated in above in the Scope section, several variations of the CBS R’ group have been employed to optimize selectivity.[5][13]

Applications

Over the past couple of decades, the CBS reduction has gained significant synthetic utility in the synthesis of a significant number of natural products, including lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and biotins.[5][6][20] The enantionselective reduction has also been employed on large scale in industry. Jones et al. utilized the CBS reduction in the total synthesis of MK-0417, a water-soluble carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which has been used therapeutically to reduce intraocular pressure.[14] Asymmetric reduction of a key bicyclic sulfone intermediate was accomplished with the CBS oxazaborolidine catalyst containing Me as the R’ group.

CBS reduction of sulfone in MK-0417 synthesis

Asymmetric reduction of a 1,1,1-trichloro-2-keto compound is the first stage of the Corey–Link reaction for synthsis of amino acids and related structures with a choice of either natural or un-natural stereochemistry and various side-chains.

Asymmetric reduction of 7-(Benzyloxy)hept-1-en-3-one leads to (S)-7-(Benzyloxy)hept-1-en-3-ol, a chiral alcohol that leads directly to synthesis of kanamienamides, that are currently researched as enamide containing enol ethers that show potent inhibition of cancer cells. The selective formation of the chiral product is achieved by (R)-CBS catalyst with 89% yield and with 91% enantiomeric excess.[21]

See also

References
  1. Hirao, A.; Itsuno, S.; Nakahama, S.; Yamazaki, N. (1981), "Asymmetric reduction of aromatic ketones with chiral alkoxy-amineborane complexes", Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 7 (7): 315, doi:10.1039/C39810000315
  2. Corey, E. J.; Bakshi, R. K.; Shibata, S. (1987), "Highly enantioselective borane reduction of ketones catalyzed by chiral oxazaborolidines. Mechanism and synthetic implications", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 109 (18): 5551–5553, doi:10.1021/ja00252a056
  3. Corey, E. J.; Bakshi, R. K.; Shibata, S.; Chen, C. P.; Singh, V. K. (1987), "A stable and easily prepared catalyst for the enantioselective reduction of ketones. Applications to multistep syntheses", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 109 (25): 7925–7926, doi:10.1021/ja00259a075
  4. Deloux, L.; Srebnik, M. (1993), "Asymmetric boron-catalyzed reactions", Chemical Reviews, 93 (2): 763–784, doi:10.1021/cr00018a007
  5. Corey, E. J.; Helal, C. J. (1998), "Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds with Chiral Oxazaborolidine Catalysts: A New Paradigm for Enantioselective Catalysis and a Powerful New Synthetic Method", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 37 (15): 1986–2012, doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980817)37:15<1986::aid-anie1986>3.0.co;2-z, PMID 29711061
  6. Cho, B. T. (2006), "Recent advances in the synthetic applications of the oxazaborolidine-mediated asymmetric reduction", Tetrahedron, 62 (33): 7621–7643, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.036
  7. Corey, E. J.; Azimioara, M.; Sarshar, S. (1992), "X-Ray crystal structure of a chiral oxazaborolidine catalyst for enantioselective carbonyl reduction", Tetrahedron Letters, 33 (24): 3429–3430, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)92654-6
  8. Evans, D. (1988), "Stereoselective organic reactions: catalysts for carbonyl addition processes", Science, 240 (4851): 420–6, Bibcode:1988Sci...240..420E, doi:10.1126/science.3358127, PMID 3358127
  9. Jones, D. K.; Liotta, D. C.; Shinkai, I.; Mathre, D. J. (1993), "Origins of the enantioselectivity observed in oxazaborolidine-catalyzed reductions of ketones", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58 (4): 799–801, doi:10.1021/jo00056a001
  10. Corey, E. J. (1990), "New enantioselective routes to biologically interesting compounds", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 62 (7): 1209–1216, doi:10.1351/pac199062071209, S2CID 97731491
  11. Nevalainen, V. (1994), "Quantum chemical modeling of chiral catalysis. Part 15. On the role of hydride-bridged borane - alkoxyborane complexes in the catalytic enantioselective reduction of ketones promoted by chiral oxazaborolidines", Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 5 (2): 289–296, doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(00)86186-8
  12. Quallich, G. J.; Blake, J. F.; Woodall, T. M. (1994), "A combined synthetic and ab initio study of chiral oxazaborolidines structure and enantioselectivity relationships", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 116 (19): 8516–8525, doi:10.1021/ja00098a012
  13. Quallich, G. J.; Woodall, T. M. (1993), "Enantioselective oxazaborolidine reduction of ketones containing heteroatoms", Tetrahedron Letters, 34 (5): 785–788, doi:10.1016/0040-4039(93)89012-f
  14. Jones, T. K.; Mohan, J. J.; Xavier, L. C.; Blacklock, T. J.; Mathre, D. J.; Sohar, P.; Jones, E. T. T.; Reamer, R. A.; Roberts, F. E.; Grabowski, E. J. J. (1991), "An asymmetric synthesis of MK-0417. Observations on oxazaborolidine-catalyzed reductions", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 56 (2): 763–769, doi:10.1021/jo00002a050
  15. Bulliard, Michael (1999). "Chapter 11.1: Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones Catalyzed by Oxazaborolidines". In Ager, David (ed.). Handbook of Chiral Chemicals. Marcel Decker. pp. 211–225. ISBN 0824710584.
  16. Corey, E. J.; Link, J. O. (1989), "A new chiral catalyst for the enantioselective synthesis of secondary alcohols and deuterated primary alcohols by carbonyl reduction", Tetrahedron Letters, 30 (46): 6275–6278, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)93871-7
  17. Corey, E. J.; Bakshi, R. K. (1990), "A new system for catalytic enantioselective reduction of achiral ketones to chiral alcohols. Synthesis of chiral α-hydroxy acids", Tetrahedron Letters, 31 (5): 611–614, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94581-7
  18. Nettles, S. M.; Matos, K.; Burkhardt, E. R.; Rouda, D. R.; Corella, J. A. (2002), "Role of NaBH 4 Stabilizer in the Oxazaborolidine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones with BH 3 - THF", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 67 (9): 2970–2976, doi:10.1021/jo016257c, PMID 11975554
  19. Mahale, Rajendra D.; Chaskar, Sudhir P.; Patil, Kiran E.; Maikap, Golak C.; Gurjar, Mukund K. (2012). "Corey–Itsuno Reduction of Ketones: A Development of Safe and Inexpensive Process for Synthesis of Some API Intermediates". Organic Process Research & Development. 16 (4): 710–713. doi:10.1021/op300034u.
  20. Stemmler, R. T. (2007), "CBS Oxazaborolidines - Versatile Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis", Synlett, 2007 (6): 0997–0998, doi:10.1055/s-2007-973876
  21. Prabhakar Reddy, D.; Zhang, Ning; Yu, Zhimei; Wang, Zhen; He, Yun (2017-10-02). "Total Synthesis of Kanamienamide". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 82 (20): 11262–11268. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.7b01984. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 28944669.
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