Cromemco Cyclops

The Cromemco Cyclops, introduced in 1975 by Cromemco, was the first commercial all-digital camera using a digital metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) image sensor.[1] It was also the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. The digital sensor for the camera was a modified 1 kb dynamic RAM (DRAM) memory chip that offered a resolution of 32 × 32 pixels (0.001 megapixels).[1]

Cromemco Cyclops Camera
First all-digital solid-state camera.
Overview
MakerCromemco
Released1975
Lens
Lens mountD-mount
Lens25mm f2.8
Sensor/medium
Sensormodified 1kb RAM IC
Sensor typedigital
Maximum resolution32 × 32 pixels, 4 bits per pixel
Shutter
Frame rate30 Hz

Background
Correspondence from the editorial director of Popular Electronics magazine, dated July 25, 1974, regarding publishing a cover story on the "CYCLOPS" camera project

The Cyclops Camera was developed by Terry Walker, Harry Garland, and Roger Melen, and introduced as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine.[2]

One month earlier the MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer had been introduced in this same magazine.[3] Les Solomon, technical editor of Popular Electronics, saw the value of interfacing the Cyclops to the Altair, and put Roger Melen (co-developer of the Cyclops) in contact with Ed Roberts (president of MITS) to discuss a collaboration.[4]

Roger Melen met with Ed Roberts at MITS headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Roberts encouraged Melen to interface the Cyclops to the Altair, promising to ship Melen an early Altair computer so that he and his colleagues could begin work on this project.[5]

Roger Melen formed a partnership with Harry Garland to produce the Cyclops Camera, and other products for the Altair computer. They named their new venture "Cromemco" after the Stanford University dormitory (Crothers Memorial Hall) where they both had lived as graduate students.[6] In January 1976 MITS introduced the Cromemco Cyclops Camera as the first peripheral for the Altair Computer.[7][8][9]

Technology
Cromemco 1024-element image sensor used in the Cyclops Camera.
The electronics for the Cyclops was contained on three small circuit boards. The two red LED's on the first board are the bias lights to provide background illumination of the sensor for low-light conditions.

The Cyclops Camera used an innovative image sensor that was actually a modified MOS computer memory chip.[10] The opaque cover on the chip was removed and replaced with a glass lid. The theory of operation was described in the original Popular Electronics article.[2] Initially the 1024 memory locations, which were arranged in a 32 × 32 array, were filled with all 1s. Light shining on these memory cells would cause their contents to change to 0s. The stronger the light, the more quickly a cell would change from 1 to 0.

The Cyclops used a 25mm f2.8 D-mount lens to focus an image on the sensor array. The memory array was scanned once to store all 1’s in the memory elements. This was quickly followed by a series of 15 read-out scans. The cells that had the most incident light (i.e. the brightest parts of the picture) changed from 1 to 0 the soonest. Cells with little or no incident light (i.e. the darkest areas of the picture) would not change at all. So with a series of scans the Cyclops could produce a digital, gray-scale representation of the image.

The Cyclops also had two bias lights that could be used to increase its sensitivity in low-light environments. These lights could be adjusted either manually or under computer control to shine a uniform, low level of light on the sensor. Once adjusted, the Cyclops would then be sensitive to even the smallest amount of incident light from an image, even in low-light situations.

Legacy

Today solid-state digital cameras are ubiquitous. A high-resolution digital camera sensor today (2019) may contain 40 million sensor elements (40 megapixels) which is 40,000 times more than the 0.001 megapixel sensor of the Cyclops.[11][12]

References
  1. Benchoff, Brian (17 April 2016). "Building the First Digital Camera". Hackaday. Retrieved 30 April 2016. the Cyclops was the first digital camera
  2. Walker, Terry; Garland, Harry; Melen, Roger (February 1975). "Build Cyclops". Popular Electronics. Ziff Davis. 7 (2): 27–31.
  3. Edwards, H. Edward; Yates, William (January 1975). "Altair 8800 minicomputer". Popular Electronics. Ziff Davis. 7 (1): 33–38.
  4. Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer (Second ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 48.
  5. Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday. p. 202. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
  6. Levering, Robert; Katz, Michael; Moskowitz, Milton (1984). The Computer Entrepreneurs. New American Library. pp. 36–40. ISBN 0-453-00477-6.
  7. Allen, Paul (2011). Idea Man: A Memoir by the Cofounder of Microsoft. New York: Penguin Group. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-59184-537-9. The Altair even debuted a digital camera back in 1976.
  8. Holley, Michael. "Popular Electronics, February 1975". Archived from the original on 2014-09-23. Retrieved 2014-10-31. The Cyclops was the first product of Cromemco. It was modified to be used with the Altair 8800 computer and an advertisement ran in the January 1976 issue of MITS Computer Notes.
  9. "Cyclops". Computer Notes. MITS. 1 (7): 8. January 1976. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  10. "CROMEMCO Computing". Retrieved 2014-10-31. The sensor for that camera was a memory chip.
  11. "Toshiba Launches Highly Sensitive 20MP BSI CMOS Image Sensor". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  12. Veit, Stan (1993). Stan Veit's History of the Personal Computer. WorldComm. p. 108. ISBN 1-56664-023-7.
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