Darman and Kudelin

Darman (Bulgarian: Дърман; also Drman, Dǎrman, Durman, Dorman) and Kudelin (Куделин) were two Bulgarian nobles[1][2] who jointly ruled the region of Braničevo (in modern Serbia) as independent or semi-independent[2] autocrats in the late 13th century (1273–1291). Regarded by historians to be "probably Bulgarians of Cuman origin",[3] the two brothers used the weakened state of centralized administration in the region to become independent from the Second Bulgarian Empire[4] or the Kingdom of Hungary[3] in 1273. The capital of their domains was the fortress of Zhdrelo (Ždrelo, "gorge"), on the Mlava river.[1] Relying on their army that consisted of people of various ethnicities, but mostly Vlachs, Bulgarians, Tatars and Cumans,[1] the brothers were "very independent-minded and afraid of no one".[3]

The Bulgarian lands in the late 13th century: Darman and Kudelin's semi-independent domain is in the northwest

They regularly attacked their western neighbour, the Hungarian vassal Stefan Dragutin's Syrmian Kingdom, in Mačva, an area previously under the sovereignty of Elizabeth of Hungary. The Hungarian queen had sent troops to claim Braničevo in 1282–1284, but her forces were repelled and her vassal lands plundered in retaliation. Another campaign, this time organized by both Dragutin and Elizabeth, failed to conquer Darman and Kudelin's domains in 1285 and suffered another counter-raid by the brothers. It was not until 1291 when a joint force of Dragutin and his brother Serbian king Stefan Milutin managed to defeat the brothers and the region came for the first time under the rule of a Serb, as it was reconquered by Dragutin.[1][3] The brothers were most likely killed in this campaign, as they disappear from the historical sources thereafter.[4]

Darman and Kudelin were relatives or close associates of the Bulgarian despotēs Shishman of Vidin, the founder of the Shishman dynasty of Bulgarian rulers, as he proceeded to attack the Serbian domains to his west, presumably as a response to Dragutin's conquest of the neighbouring Braničevo.[3]

References

1. Ćorović, Vladimir (2001). "Srbija kao glavna balkanska država". Istorija sprskog naroda (in Serbian). Belgrade: Janus. Archived from the original on 2013-03-19.
2. Радовановић, Љубиша; Милорад Ђорђевић. "Резиме". Хомоље: историјска монографија (in Serbian). Удружење историчара Браничева и Тимочке Крајине. Archived from the original on 2005-03-23. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
3. Fine, John V.A. (1987). The late medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 220–221. ISBN 978-0-472-10079-8. OCLC 13860868.
4. Бакалов, Георги; Милен Куманов (2003). "Дърман (краят на XIII в.); Куделин (втората половина на XIII в.)". Електронно издание "История на България" (in Bulgarian). София: Труд, Сирма. ISBN 954528613X.

Sources

• Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
• Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.
• Jackson, Peter (2014) [2005]. The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317878995.
• Uzelac, Aleksandar B. (2011). "Tatars and Serbs at the End of the Thirteenth Century". Revista de istorie militară. 5–6: 9–20.
• Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139444088.