Der Veker (Minsk)

Der Veker (Yiddish: דער וועקער, 'The Awakener') was a Yiddish language newspaper published from Minsk 1917–1941.[1] Initially a Bundist publication founded in the midst of the 1917 revolutions, it continued publishing as a Communist Party organ until 1925.

Der Veker
FoundedMay 12, 1917 (1917-05-12)
Political alignmentGeneral Jewish Labour Bund (1917-1920)
Kombund (1920-1921)
Jewish sections of the Communist Party (bolshevik) of Byelorussia (1921-)
LanguageYiddish
Ceased publicationNovember 7, 1925 (1925-11-07)
HeadquartersMinsk
CountrySoviet Union

Bundist newspaper

During its first years, Der Veker was an organ of the General Jewish Labour Bund.[2][3] Der Veker was the first legal bundist newspaper to be published in Minsk.[3] The first issue was published on May 12, 1917.[3][4] As Yiddish-language publishing bloomed in Minsk in 1917, Der Veker emerged as the most important Yiddish newspaper of the city.[4] Initially it was published thrice weekly, on June 1, 1917 it became a daily newspaper.[2] The name was taken from the Bund organ in Vilna published during the Russian Revolution of 1905.[4]

In the early period, editors of Der Veker included Aron Vainshtein, Esther Frumkin and Abraham Kirzhnits.[4][5] Max Weinreich served as the editor of Der Veker in December 1917.[4] In 1918, the editorship was handed back to Frumkin.[4] As the Red Army seized Minsk in December 1918, Der Veker was the sole Yiddish newspaper of the city that continued to be published.[6]

By March 1921 Der Veker had a circulation of about 5,000.[7] Following the 12th Bund conference, Der Veker became an organ of the Communist Bund (Kombund), albeit published irregularly.[8]

Communist Party organ

As the Communist Bund merged with the Communist Party, Der Veker became the main organ of the Yevsektsiya (Jewish section of the Communist Patrty) in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic on April 21, 1921.[3][5] Elye Osherovitsh was named editor in chief of the newspaper in 1922.[3] At this point, the editorial staff was overwhelmingly made up by ex-bundists.[3] At the time, Der Veker was one of three main Yiddish dailies in the soviet republics (together with Der Emes in Moscow and Komunistishe fon in Kiev).[3] In July 1922, the daily circulation of Der Veker was about 2,500.[3] In mid-1922 the Yevsektsiya launched a campaign to increase subscriptions for the newspaper.[3] The Yiddish used in Der Veker was heavily influenced by Russian vocabulary, in contrast to the purist Yiddish used in Der Emes.[9]

On November 7, 1925, on the eighth anniversary of the October Revolution, the newspaper was replaced by Oktyabr ('October').[10][3][4] The name of the new publication was unequivocally Bolshevik, the usage of old bundist names had irked Jewish communist in Belorussia for some time as the Bund and the Jewish communists had a legacy of hostility.[3][4]

References
  1. Jewish Serials of the World: A Supplement to the Research Bibliography of Secondary Sources. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2001. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-313-30663-1.
  2. Elissa Bemporad; Stanford University. Dept. of History (2006). Red star on the Jewish street: the reshaping of Jewish life in Soviet Minsk, 1917-1939. Stanford University. p. 90, 283.
  3. Elissa Bemporad (29 April 2013). Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk. Indiana University Press. pp. 61–62, 227. ISBN 978-0-253-00827-5.
  4. Gennady Estraikh (21 March 2005). In Harness: Yiddish Writers' Romance with Communism. Syracuse University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8156-3052-4.
  5. Arie Bar (1980). The Jewish Press that was: Accounts, Evaluations, and Memories of Jewish Papers in Pre-Holocaust Europe. World Federation of Jewish Journalists. p. 286, 288.
  6. Gershon David Hundert (2008). The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yale University Press. p. 1178. ISBN 978-0-300-11903-9.
  7. David Shneer (13 February 2004). Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture: 1918-1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-521-82630-3.
  8. Zvi Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. Princeton University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4008-6913-8.
  9. Isabelle T. Kreindler (1985). Sociolinguistic perspectives on Soviet national languages: their past, present and future. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 290. ISBN 978-3-11-010211-6.
  10. David Benjamin Schneer (2001). A Revolution in the Making: Yiddish and the Creation of a Soviet Jewish Culture. University of California, Berkeley. p. 339.
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