Diethyl azodicarboxylate

Diethyl azodicarboxylate, conventionally abbreviated as DEAD and sometimes as DEADCAT,[6][7] is an organic compound with the structural formula CH3CH2O2CN=NCO2CH2CH3. Its molecular structure consists of a central azo functional group, RN=NR, flanked by two ethyl ester groups. This orange-red liquid is a valuable reagent but also quite dangerous and explodes upon heating. Therefore, commercial shipment of pure diethyl azodicarboxylate is prohibited in the United States and is carried out either in solution or on polystyrene particles.

Diethyl azodicarboxylate
Names
IUPAC name
Diethyl diazenedicarboxylate
Other names
Diethyl azidoformate,
Diazenedicarboxylic acid,
Diethyl azo diformate[1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.016.202
EC Number
  • 217-821-7
Properties
C6H10N2O4
Molar mass 174.156 g·mol−1
Appearance Orange to red to orange liquid[2]
Density 1.11 g/cm3[3]
Melting point 6 °C (43 °F; 279 K)[4]
Boiling point 104.5 °C (220.1 °F; 377.6 K) at 12 mm Hg[3]
1.420 (20 °C)[3]
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word Danger
H240, H302, H312, H315, H319, H332, H335
P210, P220, P234, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+312, P302+352, P304+312, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P363, P370+378, P370+380+375, P403+233, P403+235
Flash point 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K)[5]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

DEAD is an aza-dienophile and an efficient dehydrogenating agent, converting alcohols to aldehydes, thiols to disulfides and hydrazo groups to azo groups; it is also a good electron acceptor. While DEAD is used in numerous chemical reactions it is mostly known as a key component of the Mitsunobu reaction, a common strategy for the preparation of an amine, azide, ether, thioether, or ester from the corresponding alcohol.[8] It is used in the synthesis of various natural products and pharmaceuticals such as zidovudine, an AIDS drug; FdUMP, a potent antitumor agent; and procarbazine, a chemotherapy drug.

Properties

DEAD is an orange-red liquid which weakens its color to yellow or colorless upon dilution or chemical reaction. This color change is conventionally used for visual monitoring of the synthesis. DEAD dissolves in most common organic solvents, such as toluene, chloroform, ethanol,[9] tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane[3][10] but has low solubility in water or carbon tetrachloride; the solubility in water is higher for the related azo compound dimethyl azodicarboxylate.[4]

DEAD is a strong electron acceptor and easily oxidizes a solution of sodium iodide in glacial acetic acid. It also reacts vigorously with hydrazine hydrate producing diethyl hydrazodicarboxylate and evolving nitrogen. Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method (LCAO-MO) calculations suggest that the molecule of DEAD is unusual in having a high-lying vacant bonding orbital, and therefore tends to withdraw hydrogen atoms from various hydrogen donors. Photoassisted removal of hydrogen by DEAD was demonstrated for isopropyl alcohol, resulting in pinacol and tetraethyl tetrazanetetracarboxylate, and for acetaldehyde yielding diacetyl and diethyl hydrazodicarboxylate. Similarly, reacting DEAD with ethanol and cyclohexanol abstracts hydrogen producing acetaldehyde and cyclohexanone. Those reactions also proceed without light, although at much lower yields.[9] Thus, in general DEAD is an aza-dienophile and dehydrogenating agent, converting alcohols to aldehydes, thiols to disulfides and hydrazo groups to azo groups.[11] It also undergoes pericyclic reactions with alkenes and dienes via Ene and Diels–Alder mechanisms.[12]

Preparation

Although available commercially, diethyl azodicarboxylate can be prepared fresh in the laboratory, especially if required in pure, non-diluted form. A two-step synthesis starts from hydrazine, first by alkylation with ethyl chloroformate, followed by treating the resulting diethyl hydrazodicarboxylate with chlorine (bubbling through the solution), hypochlorous acid, concentrated nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid. The reaction is carried out in an ice bath, and the reagents are added dropwise so that the temperature does not rise above 20 °C. Diethyl hydrazodicarboxylate is a solid with melting temperature of 131–133 °C which is collected as a residue; it is significantly more stable to heating than DEAD and is conventionally dried at a temperature of about 80 °C.[4][13]

Applications

Mitsunobu reaction

DEAD is a reagent in the Mitsunobu reaction where it forms an adduct with phosphines (usually triphenylphosphine) and assists the synthesis of esters, ethers, amines and thioethers from alcohols. Reactions normally result in the inversion of molecular symmetry.

DEAD was used in the original 1967 article by Oyo Mitsunobu,[14] and his 1981 review on the use of diethyl azodicarboxylate is a top-cited chemistry article.[15][16] Mitsunobu reaction has several applications in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals.

In the above reaction, which is assisted either by DEAD or DIAD (diisopropyl azodicarboxylate), thymidine 1 transforms to the derivative 2. The latter easily converts to zidovudine 4 (also known as azidothymidine or AZT), an important antiviral drug, used among others in the treatment of AIDS.[17][18][19] Another example of pharmaceutical application of DEAD-assisted Mitsunobu reaction is the synthesis of bis[(pivaloyloxy)methyl [PIVz] derivative of 2’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine 5’-monophosphate (FdUMP), which is a potent antitumor agent.[20]

Michael reaction

The azo group in DEAD is a Michael acceptor. In the presence of a copper(II) catalyst, DEAD assists conversion of β-keto esters to the corresponding hydrazine derivatives.[21]

The substitution of boronic acid esters proceeds similarly:[22]

Other reactions

DEAD is an efficient component in Diels-Alder reactions and in click chemistry, for example the synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane, which originates from Otto Diels.[23] It has also been used to generate aza-Baylis-Hillman adducts with acrylates.[24]

DEAD can be used for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Thus, pyrazoline derivatives convert by condensation to α,β-unsaturated ketones:[25]

Another application is the use of DEAD as enophile in ene reactions:

Safety

DEAD is toxic, shock and light sensitive; it can violently explode when its undiluted form is heated above 100 °C.[2][3][26] Shipment by air of pure diethyl azodicarboxylate is prohibited in the United States and is carried out in solution, typically about 40% DEAD in toluene.[27] Alternatively, DEAD is transported and stored on 100–300 mesh polystyrene particles at a concentration of about 1 mmol/g.[3] The time-weighed average threshold limit value for exposure to DEAD over a typical 40-hour working week is 50 parts per million; that is, DEAD is half as toxic as, e.g., carbon monoxide.[28] Safety hazards have resulted in rapid decline of DEAD usage and replacement with DIAD and other similar compounds.

References
  1. Diethyl azo diformate. Webbook.nist.gov (1972-07-28). Retrieved on 2011-03-15.
  2. Safety (MSDS) data for diethyl azodicarboxylate. Msds.chem.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2011-03-15.
  3. W. L. F. Armarego; Christina Li Lin Chai (22 May 2009). Purification of laboratory chemicals. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-1-85617-567-8. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  4. Kauer, J. C. "Diethyl azodicarboxylate". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 4, p. 411
  5. L19348 Diethyl azodicarboxylate, 97% – Alfa Aesar – A Johnson Matthey Company. Alfa.com (1972-07-28). Retrieved on 2011-03-15.
  6. Caroline Cooper (23 July 2010). Organic Chemist's Desk Reference. CRC Press. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-4398-1164-1. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  7. DEAD is sometimes used for another chemical, diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. P. N. Preston (1980). Benzimidazoles and congeneric tricyclic compounds. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 475–. ISBN 978-0-471-08189-0. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  8. Barbara., Czakó (2009). Strategic applications of named reactions in organic synthesis : background and detailed mechanisms ; 250 named reactions. Elsevier. ISBN 9780123694836. OCLC 634820219.
  9. Yoneda, Fumio; Suzuki, Kunio; Nitta, Yoshihiro (1967). "A new hydrogen-abstracting reaction with diethyl azodicarboxylate". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 32 (3): 727–729. doi:10.1021/jo01278a049. ISSN 0022-3263.
  10. Kelmara K. Kelly (2009) Novel isotope effects and organic reaction mechanisms, PhD thesis, Texas A&M University, p. 81
  11. Fumio Yoneda; Kunio Suzuki; Yoshihiro Nitta (1966). "A New Hydrogen-Abstracting Reaction with Diethyl Azodicarboxylate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (10): 2328. doi:10.1021/ja00962a051.
  12. Eric J. Stoner Amy C. Hart (2010). "Diethyl Azodicarboxylate". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 8 Volume Set. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd176.pub2. ISBN 978-0471936237.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  13. Rabjohn, N. (1948). "Diethyl azodicarboxylate". Organic Syntheses. 28: 58. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.028.0058.
  14. Mitsunobu, O.; Yamada, Y. (1967). "Preparation of Esters of Carboxylic and Phosphoric Acid via Quaternary Phosphonium Salts". Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 40 (10): 2380–2382. doi:10.1246/bcsj.40.2380.
  15. Mitsunobu, Oyo (1981). "The Use of Diethyl Azodicarboxylate and Triphenylphosphine in Synthesis and Transformation of Natural Products". Synthesis. 1981: 1–28. doi:10.1055/s-1981-29317.
  16. More than 4,300 citations by March 2011 according to Web of Science
  17. Czernecki, Stanislas and Valery, Jean-marc "Process for preparing AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxy-thymidine) and related compounds" U.S. Patent 5,124,442 issued 23 June 1992
  18. Czernecki, Stanislas; Valéry, Jean-Marc (1991). "An Efficient Synthesis of 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)". Synthesis. 1991 (3): 239. doi:10.1055/s-1991-26434.
  19. Dueholm, Kim L.; Aly, Youssef L.; Jørgensen, Per T.; El-Barbary, Ahmed A.; Pedersen, Erik B.; Nielsen, Claus (1993). "Convergent synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-methylthio and 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-mercapto nucleosides and their disulfide analogues — Potential anti-HIV agents". Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly. 124: 37–53. doi:10.1007/BF00808508.
  20. Farquhar, David; Khan, Saeed; Srivastva, Devendra N.; Saunders, Priscilla P. (1994). "Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of Bis[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine 5'-Monophosphate (FdUMP): A Strategy To Introduce Nucleotides into Cells". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 37 (23): 3902–9. doi:10.1021/jm00049a009. PMID 7966151.
  21. Comelles, C.; et al. (2004). "Ionic and Covalent Copper(II)-Based Catalysts for Michael Additions. The Mechanism". J. Org. Chem. 69 (20): 6834–42. doi:10.1021/jo049373z. PMID 15387609.
  22. Takeshi Uemura; Naoto Chatani (2005). "Copper Salt Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Azodicarboxylates". J. Org. Chem. 70 (21): 8631. doi:10.1021/jo051387x. PMID 16209627.
  23. Gassman PG, Mansfield KT (1969). "BICYCLO[2.1.0]PENTANE". Organic Syntheses. 49: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.049.0001. ISSN 0078-6209.
  24. Shi, Min; Zhao, Gui-Ling (2004). "Aza-Baylis–Hillman reactions of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate or diethyl azodicarboxylate with acrylates and acrylonitrile". Tetrahedron. 60 (9): 2083–2089. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2003.12.059.
  25. Vijay Nair; Smitha C. Mathew; Akkattu T. Biju; Eringathodi Suresh (2007). "A Novel Reaction of the "Huisgen Zwitterion" with Chalcones and Dienones: An Efficient Strategy for the Synthesis of Pyrazoline and Pyrazolopyridazine Derivatives". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (12): 2070–2073. doi:10.1002/anie.200604025. PMID 17286329.
  26. G. C. Barrett (1999). Amino acid derivatives: a practical approach. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-0-19-855853-8. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  27. Diethyl Azodicarboxylate in Chemical Synthesis. Sigmaaldrich.com. Retrieved on 2011-03-15.
  28. Livius Cotarca; Heiner Eckert (2004). Phosgenations—a handbook. Wiley-VCH. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-527-29823-5. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
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