Dolphin-Union caribou

Dolphin and Union Caribou,[1] Dolphin and Union caribou herd,[1] Dolphin-Union, locally known as Island Caribou,[2] are a migratory population of barren-ground caribou, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, that occupy Victoria Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the nearby mainland. They are endemic to Canada. They migrate across the Dolphin and Union Strait from their summer grazing on Victoria Island to their winter grazing area on the Nunavut-Northwest Territories mainland in Canada.[2][3] It is unusual for North American caribou to seasonally cross sea ice and the only other caribou to do so are the Peary caribou who are smaller in size and population. They were listed as Special Concern by Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) since May 2004.[4]

Dolphin and Union Caribou herd

Special Concern (COSEWIC)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Artiodactyla
Family:
Cervidae
Genus:
Rangifer
Species:
R. tarandus
Subspecies:
R. t. groenlandicus
Trinomial name
Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
COSEWIC 2004[1]
Approximate range of caribou. Dolphin and Union population occupy area 5 and parts of area 4. Overlap with other subspecies of caribou is possible for contiguous range. 1. Rangifer tarandus caribou subdivided into ecotypes: woodland (boreal), woodland (migratory), woodland (montane), 2.R. t. Dawsoni extinct 1907, 3. R. t. granti, 4. Barren-ground caribou R. t. groenlandicus, 5. Groenlandicus/Pearyi 6. Peary caribou R. t. pearyi

Morphology

Pelage

The pelage of the Dolphin and Union Caribou is white in winter and slate-grey with white legs and under-parts in summer like the Peary caribou. The Dolphin and Union Caribou are slightly darker.[2]

Antlers

Dolphin and Union Caribou have the characteristic light slate-grey antler velvet of Peary caribou[5] as opposed to the dark chocolate brown antler velvet of other barren-ground caribou and woodland caribou.[2]

Genetics

Manning[6] had erroneously categorized the Dolphin and Union Caribou as Peary caribou and the species was originally listed by COSEWIC until 2004.[1] By more recent studies had clearly shown that Dolphin and Union Caribou are genetically distinct from both Peary and barren-ground caribou.[7][8]

Population

"About 27,000 Dolphin-Union Caribou occupy areas in Nunavut and the NWT. These caribou were at very low densities during the mid-20th century and only started recovering about 30 years ago. The main distribution during the calving and fall seasons is on Victoria Island and since the 1960s Dolphin-Union Caribou resumed their migration to winter on the Nunavut-NWT mainland. The population is considered stable at best, or slightly declining."[2]

Conservation

In 2004 COSEWIC listed the Dolphin and Union Caribou population as Special Concern.[notes 1][1][9]

Habitat

In summer the herd occupies Victoria Island where it is often on "beach ridges and river valley slopes."[2] While normally they winter in the Bathurst Inlet area of Nunavut,[2] the herd has migrated as far as Tuktut Nogait National Park in the west, following the shoreline in search of windswept areas where the snow cover is cleared making it easier for them to graze.[2]

Co-management
  • By 2012 the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board and the Kitikmeot Hunters and Trappers Association and the Wildlife Advisory Management Council (NWT) were preparing co-management plans for the conservation of the Dolphin and Union Caribou population.[2]

Potential threats to survival of the Dolphin-Union Caribou

There are a number of concerns including potential over-harvesting by hunting, "over-grazing in areas where caribou wait before migrating to the mainland for the winter"; "local knowledge has demonstrated an increase of predators across summer ranges"; "an unknown number of caribou die every fall breaking through the ice crossing to the mainland"; "changes to sea ice freeze-up and break-up due to climate change could threaten migration; and "Increased ship traffic through Dolphin and Union Strait may affect ice formation and caribou migration."[2]

Dolphin-Union Caribou wildlife photographers
  • Martin Dumond
  • Frank L. Miller

Dolphin-Union Caribou research

See also

Notes
  1. "The original designation considered a single unit that included Peary caribou, Rangifer tarandus pearyi, and what is now known as the Dolphin and Union population of the barren-ground caribou, Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus. It was assigned a status of Threatened in April 1979. Split to allow designation of three separate populations in 1991: Banks Island (Endangered), High Arctic (Endangered) and Low Arctic (Threatened) populations. In May 2004 all three population designations were de-activated, and the Peary Caribou, Rangifer tarandus pearyi, was assessed separately from the Barren-ground Caribou (Dolphin and Union population), Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus. The subspecies pearyi is composed of a portion of the former "Low Arctic population" and all of the former "High Arctic" and "Banks Island" populations, and it was designated Endangered in May 2004. Last assessment based on an update status report (COSEWIC 2004:iii)."

Citations
  1. COSEWIC 2004.
  2. NWT 2012.
  3. Poole, Patterson & Dumond 2010.
  4. "Caribou, Dolphin and Union Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus", COSEWIC, 11 July 2011, archived from the original on 8 January 2015, retrieved 7 January 2015
  5. Gunn & Seal 1998.
  6. Manning 1960.
  7. Zittlau 2004.
  8. Eger 2009.
  9. Poole, Patterson & Dumond 2010, p. 427.
  10. Aurora Wildlife Research

References
  • "COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Peary Caribou Rangifer tarandus pearyi and Barren-ground Caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus Dolphin and Union population in Canada" (PDF), COSEWIC, May 2004, ISBN 978-0-662-37375-9, retrieved 1 November 2014 Peary Caribou – Endangered; Barren-Ground Caribou (Dolphin and Union Population) –Special Concern.
  • "COSEWIC 2014 assessment and update status report on the Peary caribou Rangifer tarandus pearyi and the barren-ground caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus (Dolphin and Union population) in Canada", Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), Ottawa, 2014
  • Gunn, Anne; Miller, Frank L.; Thomas, D.C. (1979), "COSEWIC status report on the Peary caribou Rangifer tarandus pearyi in Canada", Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), Ottawa, p. 40
  • Miller, Frank L. (1991), "Update COSEWIC status report on the Peary caribou Rangifer tarandus pearyi in Canada", Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), Ottawa, p. 124
  • Eger, J.L.; Birt, T.P.; Gunn, Anne; Baker, A.J. (2009), "Genetic diversity and history of Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America", in McFarlane, K.; Gunn, Anne; Strobeck, C. (eds.), Proceedings from the Caribou Genetics and Relationships Workshop, 8–9 March 2003, Edmonton, Alberta. Manuscript Report No. 183, Yellowknife: Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources, pp. 73–101
  • Gunn, Anne; Nishi, J. (1998), "Review of information for Dolphin and Union caribou herd", in Gunn, A.; Seal, U.S.; Miller, P.S. (eds.), Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop for the Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi), Briefing book, Apple Valley, Minnesota: Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/UCN), pp. 1–22
  • Manning, Thomas Henry (1960), The relationship of the Peary caribou and barren-ground caribou, Technical Paper, Montreal: Arctic Institute of North America
  • GNWT, Species at Risk in the Northwest Territories 2012 (PDF), Government of Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, ISBN 978-0-7708-0196-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015, retrieved 31 October 2014
  • Poole, Kim G.; Patterson, Brent R.; Dumond, Mathieu (December 2010), "Sea Ice and Migration of the Dolphin and Union Caribou Herd in the Canadian Arctic: An Uncertain Future" (PDF), Arctic, 63 (4): 414–428, doi:10.14430/arctic3331, retrieved 31 October 2014
  • Zittlau, K.A. (2004), Population genetic analyses of North American caribou (Rangifer tarandus) (PhD thesis), Edmonton, Alberta: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.