Donald Pomerleau

Donald D. Pomerleau (August 31, 1915 – January 19, 1992) was the City Police Commissioner of Baltimore, Maryland from 1966 to 1981.

Background

Pomerleau was born on a ranch near Medicine Lake, Montana, with an unusual western, rural upbringing for a future big-city police supervisor.[1]

After graduating from high school in Whitehall, Montana in 1933, Pomerleau joined the Marines and served in China from 1934 to 1937. He was discharged honorably from the Marines as a sergeant in 1938. After his discharge, Pomerleau worked for a construction company in Nevada, and then for the U. S. Border Patrol in California and Arizona. In 1942, after World War II began, he re-enlisted and served in the Military Police Corps of the United States Army. Pomerleau served in the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Battle of Tarawa, the Battle of Saipan, and Battle of Tinian. Pomerleau was discharged in 1945.

During the Korean War, Pomerleau served as a combat commander. He served as provost marshal at the Marine Corps School and University, retiring in 1958 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.[1]

Pomerleau became the Director of Public Safety in Kingsport, Tennessee. He assumed a similar position later in 1962 in the City of Miami-Dade County.[1] But he was not well-respected or liked by the Miami-Dade County police force, and generally could not get his way or institute his programs and policies.[2]

By 1964, he became a consultant for the Baltimore City Police Department sent by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP).[1] The IACP then also sent Pomerleau in 1965 to investigate Baltimore during the heat of the earlier years of the civil rights movement, with rising fears of civil unrest in the wake of the Watts Riots in Los Angeles that year.[3] Pomerleau declared that "the Baltimore City Police Department was amongst the nation's most antiquated and corrupt police forces which had practiced excessive force and had a non-existent relationship with Baltimore's large Negro (then Black, later African American) community".[4] To improve the Department and try to prevent future racial rioting, Maryland's 54th Governor, J. Millard Tawes, (1894-1979), [served 1959-1967], an Eastern Shore Democrat, whose Office had for a century, since before the American Civil War, held the power to appoint Baltimore City's Commissioner of Police. In consultation with Baltimore's then progressive Republican Mayor (and former 1950s Governor himself), Theodore R. McKeldin, (1900-1974), [38th and 42nd Mayor, served 1943–1947, 1963-1967], he hired Pomerleau the following year of 1966 with a mandate and charge to "clean up" the Department. Although it seemed that the new Commissioner came with a relatively liberal attitude toward race relations, urban poverty, and crime and many observers feel that he gradually turned more conservative and even autocratic as his tenure wore on, so that by the time of the Republican presidency of Richard M. Nixon in the 1970s, Pomerleau's attitudes and policies had come to resemble those of Nixon's "silent majority" rather than those that Governor Tawes and Mayor McKeldin expected.[5]

The new police commissioner moved to the city and lived at 4009 Keswick Road (off University Parkway) in the southern lower neighborhood of Roland Park in North Baltimore.[1][6]

Impact on the police force

Soon after his appointment, Pomerleau made it easier for people to join the force, decreasing vacancies from 418 to 370 within six months. His first budget proposal included higher salaries and bigger pensions for patrolmen/officers, new vehicles (with a re-designed "friendlier" blue and white paint scheme, to replace the long-time traditional "black and whites"), setting up of an analysis center, additional money for recruitment, and a school for continuous training of officers, following up on the police academy.[1] He quickly equipped police with mace, helmets, walkie-talkies, and more vehicles with radio-contact communications and body radios for officers, phasing out the old green "call boxes" on a post, dotting city streets, after securing a $48 million budget from the City — an increase of $15 million over a three-year span.[7]

Operations

Pomerleau was a believer in a military hierarchy and created a strict chain of command. He also introduced new riot control tactics: for example, distinguishing 'offensive' weapons ('chemical agents such as tear gas') from defensive weapons (nightstick, revolver).[7]

African Americans

Pomerleau immediately recognized racial tension as a major challenge for the BCPD. Soon after his appointment, he asked officers to take crash courses in Black (now African-American) history.[8]

Pomerleau also lifted remaining job restrictions on African American officers from when the Department first tentatively recruited a limited number of "Colored" patrolmen in the 1930s, who were previously limited to foot patrols, quarantined in rank, barred from patrolling in "White" neighborhoods, and given limited specialty assignments.[9] However, the percentage number of blacks on the force, and particularly the number of black promotions, remained low, during Pomerleau's tenure and only began to rise dramatically by the 1980s.[7]

Spying

Inspectional Services Division

Immediately after his appointment, Pomerleau created the "Inspectional Services Division" (ISD), an agency responsible for "active surveillance of individuals or groups outside the normal criminal behavior". Over the next 10 years, the ISD spied on nationwide plus local affiliates of organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union, the American Friends Service Committee, and the Black Panther Party.[10]

Outside reports

Year after year from 1971 to 1978, Representative Parren Mitchell (from the 7th Congressional District) called for Pomerleau's resignation because of alleged spying (and even possible harassment) on black-oriented organizations and associations especially those involved in the growing anti-Vietnam War movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s.[11][12]

He was also accused of spying on and harassing members of Police Local 1195 for the purpose of union-busting.[13][14][15]

In 1976, The Maryland Senate issued a report stating that Pomerleau had used illegal spying methods, including wiretapping, surveillance, and illicit acquisition of credit reports. Pomerleau said he had done nothing illegal and that any spying was a necessary countermeasure against 'subversive elements' in the Department.[16]

Journalists reported that Pomerleau had intimidated them using information from his spy network. Michael Olesker of the Baltimore Sun described meeting Pomerleau in the mid-1970s: "'Listen,' he said, 'I know where you've been, I know who you've talked to, and I know what you've been told.'" And he did."[17]

Praise and criticism

Pomerleau received constant support and praise from Mayor William Donald Schaefer and Governor Marvin Mandel.[16][18]

In 1976, Pomerleau was the Advertising Club of Baltimore's "Man of the Year".[18]

Post-police commissioner career

Pomerleau was one of the longest serving police commissioners of Baltimore holding that post for a period of 15 years, the longest tenure since Charles Gaither who held the first posting of the newly created Office of Commissioner of Police at the last major re-organization and structuring of the BCPD from 1920–1937.[19]

Baltimore's Best Security

Pomerleau retired from the Baltimore City Police Department in September 1981.

In October 1981, Commissioner Pomerleau was hired by the Abacus Corporation, a nationwide private security and guard force agency which then received an expanded contract with the city and established "Abacus Security Services".[20]

The following month of November, Pomerleau created a private firm called "Baltimore's Best Security". This firm was to create special quasi-private police force for maintaining security of public buildings. Members of this force would have more authority than those of ordinary private firms; however, they would not be subject to city personnel regulations.[21] The creation of the company—and its immediate endorsement and announcement of a no-bid contract by Mayor Schaefer—provoked an outcry from Baltimoreans, who called it expensive and unaccountable and feared that it would be favored over some of the city's preexisting black-owned firms.[22]

The City Council, in late 1981, led by President Walter Orlinsky, accused Pomerleau and Schaefer of attempting to establish a "shadow government". The Council attempted to pass rules that would restrict the role of quasi-private agencies in city governance. This was the beginning of a 30-year controversy involving the use of a massive "slush fund" treasury, issuance of city-backed bonds for various "civic improvement" and commercial/residential "urban renewal" by a newly created public-private agency, the Baltimore Development Corporation and its powerful Trustees, which continued the major re-development of the "Inner Harbor" area where previous city agencies from the 1950s to 1970s left off, and soon expanded its reach and influence among its projects throughout the city. The controversies endured through six more mayoral administrations up to 2013, upon the retirement of long-time BDC head, M. Jay Brodie. It even became a matter for local humor as one time at an event, Mayor William Donald Schaefer, showed up with a long black cape draped and curled around his body and arm, topped by a black slouch fedora hat of the 1940s detective-style novels and cartoons or the old prime-time radio drama "The Shadow" with character "Lamont Cranston". Newspaper photographs flew around the Nation![23] "Baltimore's Best Security" was not heard from again; however, Abacus continued to receive no-bid city contracts.[24]

Pomerleau died of cancer at his new retirement home in Edwardsville, Virginia.[25]

References

1. Dorsey, John (2 April 1967). "Police Commissioner Pomerleau: the man whose job it is to protect Baltimore's population of almost a million from criminals". Baltimore Sun. pp. SM10, SM12. ProQuest 533820362.
2. Hudkins, Lonnie (31 August 1966). "Pomerleau's Fla. Memories Varied". News American.
3. Simon, David (2006) [1991]. "two". Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets (4th ed.). Owl Books. pp. 111. ISBN 0-8050-8075-9. The Watts riot had shaken Los Angeles....
4. Simon, David (2006) [1991]. "two". Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets (4th ed.). Owl Books. pp. 111. ISBN 0-8050-8075-9. The study declared....
5. Simon, David (2006) [1991]. "two". Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets (4th ed.). Owl Books. pp. 110–113. ISBN 0-8050-8075-9. Maryland's governor and Baltimore's mayor took the IACP assessment seriously: They hired the man who wrote it.
6. Cottin, Jonathan (September 26, 1967). "Policemen's Work On Home Blamed on Assistant". Evening Sun.
7. Clark, Michael J. (2 October 1968). "Pomerleau's 2-Year Tenure Brings Many Police Changes". Baltimore Sun.
8. Miller, Floyd (11 February 1968). "COME IN AND TALK IT OVER: THAT'S THE MOTTO IN NEIGHBORHOOD CENTERS STAFFED BY THE COMMUNITY RELATIONS ...". Baltimore Sun. pp. M4, M7. ProQuest 542525015. Why were there riots in Watts and Newark and Detroit and New Haven and Chicago but not in Baltimore? No main claimed to know all the answers to that question, but a large share of the credit must go to the Baltimore City Police Department and Donald Pomerleau, its commissioner. One of his first acts upon taking office in 1966 was to order every policeman and policewoman to take a course in Negro history. He also expanded the Community Relations Department to seventeen policemen and one policewoman (seven white and eleven Negro) and told them to penetrate the Negro community, not with guns and nighstick but with service.
9. Simon, David (2006) [1991]. "two". Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets (4th ed.). Owl Books. pp. 111. ISBN 0-8050-8075-9.
10. Newton, Michael (2007). "Baltimore Police Department". The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement (1 ed.). New York: Infobase. ISBN 9780816062904. "To that end, over the next decade, ISD conducted DOMESTIC SURVEILLANCE on at least 125 organizations, ranging from the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Friends Service Committee to the militant Black Panther Party. Tactics included WIRETAPS, "BLACK BAG JOBS" and use of paid INFORMANTS, using tactics sometimes borrowed from collaborating agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Beyond the often-illegal surveillance, ISD targets complained of physical intimidation, false arrests, ENTRAPMENT, and threats to their employment".
11. "For immediate release: Monday, December 23, 1974" (Press release). Parren Mitchell.
12. "Mitchell denounces Pomerleau". Baltimore Sun. 6 June 1978. p. C18. ProQuest 542161562. Donald D. Pomerleau, the city's police commissioner, is 'a lawbreaker' operating behind the mask of a law enforcement officer and should be denied a third six-year term in office, Representative Parren J. Mitchell (Dem.-7th) declared yesterday.
13. Twigg, Roger (21 February 1973). "Pomerleau said to learn jury secrets". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A7. ProQuest 541360479. The police union official yesterday attacked Mr. Pomerleau who, he said, in using lie detector tests had made 'a panicky and irrational and irresponsible decision leading to catastrophic conditions for these (suspended) men and their families.' Mr. Rapanotti also charged that the commissioner had applied 'a double standard' in limiting lie detector tests to only include lower ranking offices.
14. "Pomerleau is Criticized: Police Union Reportedly Asks Resignation". Baltimore Sun. 3 July 1968. p. C7. ProQuest 533719567. Representatives of the AFL–CIO and the Baltimore Police Union Local 1195 yesterday accused Donald D. Pomerleau, police commissioner, of 'union-busting' efforts and reportedly sought his resignation during an hour-long meeting with Mayor D'Alesandro.
15. Cramer, Richard Ben (23 August 1974). "Police union sues Mandel, Pomerleau". Baltimore Sun. p. C24. ProQuest 538902157. The suit, which seeks an injunction against anti-union activities by the two men, charges that Mr. Pomerleau and Mr. Mandel are 'threatening, intimidating, harassing, discriminating against [and] offering inducements to members of Local 1195 to force them to disassociate themselves from their union.' The complaint also alleged that Mr. Pomerleau, acting as the Governor's appointment, 'has illegally taped, photographed and spied upon' union officers and members.
16. Kimelman, Donald (16 January 1976). "Mayor defends police tactics of Pomerleau". Baltimore Sun. p. C1. ProQuest 538554985. The report specifically mentioned illegal wiretaps on suspected criminals, the use of confidential consumer credit files and 'clearly excessive' surveillance of people who were not under criminal suspicion. Mr. Pomerleau denied Wednesday that the department had done anything illegal, and he justified its surveillance activities as necessary to keep tabs on potential subversive elements.
17. Olesker, Michael (12 November 1981). "Pomerleau lurks in city's shadows". Baltimore Sun. p. D1. ProQuest 535821074.
18. Olesker, Michael (12 May 1981). "Why so long to get Pomerleau out of office?". Baltimore Sun. p. C1. ProQuest 535961941. The Advertising Club of Baltimore—on the very day the Senate report came out—honored Pomerleau as its man of the year.
19. Baltimore Sun "Bealefeld urges more effort to fight violent crime".
20. Englund, Will (25 November 1981). "Pomerleau tied to firm seeking more city funds". Baltimore Sun. pp. D1, D2. ProQuest 535794814. The Board of Estimates is expected to be asked today to more than double the funds for a private security corporation for which former police commissioner Donald D. Pomerleau is a paid consultant. The firm, Abacus Corporation, was hired by the city in the spring to provide guards at Memorial Stadium and the Baltimore City Zoo, under an open-ended contract that was expected to cost $15,570. The City's Department of Recreation and Parks says the work has cost $23,000 beyond that figure.
21. Banisky, Sandy (10 November 1981). "Pomerleau firm to supplant city building guards". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A10. ProQuest 535819000. The new corporation, due to be set up in the next few weeks, will: * Employ about 100 guards who will be armed and have special police powers, unlike most private security guards now working for the city. [...] * Be exempt from city rules in such areas as hiring and firing and procurements, and pay its employees fewer benefits than city employees now receive. * Extend the city's "shadow government"—a growing collection of quasi-public agencies that has assumed the roles of some city departments—from the realm of finance and development into police work.
22. Will Englund; Sandy Banisky (11 November 1981). "Schaefer, Pomerleau defend city guard firm amid hot criticism: Legislators, citizens negative". Baltimore Sun. p. D1. ProQuest 535818634. While the mayor defended the corporation, reaction from elsewhere, including some legislators and citizens who called their City Council representatives, appeared to be negative. Most of the criticism centers on four points: * The advisability of turning police powers over to a corporation. * The extra money it will cost the city, at a time when budgets are under a great deal of pressure. * The damage it would do to black-owned private security firms that now have city contracts, and to the mostly black private guards who would be thrown out of work as the corporation hires retired city police officers.
23. Sandy Banisky; Will Englund (17 November 1981). "Orlinsky seeks to put curbs on trustees' powers". Baltimore Sun. pp. D1, D3. ProQuest 535846598. In the strongest such action yet proposed on the City Council floor, the Council president last night urged that the City Charter be amended to limit the powers of the city trustees and Baltimore's controversial quasi-public corporations.
24. Englund, Will (27 January 1982). "Pyrolysis plant security gets vastly costlier". Baltimore Sun. p. D5. ProQuest 538099916. The private security firm that hired former police commissioner Donald D. Pomerleau as a consultant is scheduled for a one-year extension on a city contract, at a projected cost increase of nearly 37 percent. [...] Mr. Pomerleau, according to Abacus executives, became a paid consultant for them last October, a month after he retired. At that time, plans were also going ahead for a proposed quasi-public security company, Baltimore's Best Security, which was to be set up by the city and headed by Mr. Pomerleau. The purpose was to take over the city-contract work of private firms, like Abacus, but the idea was shelved by Mayor Schaefer after it was heavily criticized. Last fall Abacus won an increase in another city contract, for providing guards at the Zoo and Memorial Stadium, of $23,000.
25. "DONALD POMERLEAU Police Commissioner". Washington Post. 24 January 1992. p. D5. ProQuest 140628697.