Echo vowel

An echo vowel, also known as a synharmonic vowel, is a paragogic vowel that repeats the final vowel in a word in speech. For example, in Chumash, when a word ends with a glottal stop and comes at the end of an intonation unit, the final vowel is repeated after the glottal stop but is whispered and faint, as in [jaʔḁ] for /jaʔ/ "arrow" (written ya).

Languages

In Sanskrit, echo vowels are often added to the visarga in pronunciation.

In Rukai, echo vowels are pronounced as full vowels but are predictable and disappear when they are under reduplication or when a suffix beginning with /a/ is added to the word:

Rukai echo vowels and phonemic vowels

	Agent focus	suffix	reduplication
echo vowel	wa-uŋulu	uŋul-a	ara uŋul-uŋulu
	drinks	drink!	don't drink
phonemic vowel	wa-kanə	kanə-a	ara kanə-kanə
	eats	eat!	don't eat

Echo vowels have also been reconstructed for Proto-Macro-Jê.[1]

Syllabaries

Echo vowels are also found in writing, especially with syllabaries. For example, a word kab may be written as if it were kaba, and keb would be written as if it were kebe. Such as system is found in Maya, with complications depending on the quality of the preceding vowel. In Linear B, such final consonants were simply not written. However, consonant clusters were separated with echo vowels: the city of Knossos is written as if it were Konoso (Linear B: 𐀒𐀜𐀰, ko-no-so).

In Ainu, some writers write final /r/ with a subscript kana for ra, re, ri, ro or ru, depending on the preceding vowel, but others use a subscript ru in all cases.

See also

• Paragoge (paragogic vowel)

References

1. Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.

• Chumash Glossary