Enriquillo

Enriquillo, also known as "Enrique" by the Spaniards, was a Taíno cacique who rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. Enriquillo's rebellion is the best known rebellion of the early Caribbean period. He was born on the shores of Lake Jaragua (today Lake Enriquillo) and was part of the royal family of Jaragua, his aunt Anacaona was Queen of Jaragua and his father Magiocatex was the crown prince. He is considered a hero in the modern day Dominican Republic and Haiti for his resistance in favor of the indigenous peoples.[1] Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas, who documented and rallied against Spanish abuse of the native peoples, wrote sympathetically of Enriquillo.[2]

For the town in Barahona province, Dominican Republic, see Enriquillo, Barahona. For lake in Dominican Republic, see Lake Enriquillo.
Statue of Enriquillo in Independencia province, Dominican Republic.

Early life

Good relations between Christopher Columbus and the indigenous Taíno of the large island Columbus called Hispaniola did not last more than a few days. The Taínos were forced into terrible conditions as laborers in gold mining operations, badly housed in the mountains, poorly fed, extremely overworked, and forced to live in close quarters with the Spaniards.[3] Additionally, due to taking men away from the villages, the cycle of food production was disrupted, causing widespread malnutrition.[3] This malnutrition further aided the Taínos' vulnerability to deadly new types of diseases introduced by the foreigners.[3] After Columbus tortured and killed many in his quest for gold, he turned to slavery and sugar cane plantations as a way to profit from his voyages.

Enriquillo's father, his aunt Anacaona, and eighty other regional chieftains were killed by Nicolás de Ovando while attending supposed "peace talks" with the Spanish in Jaragua. During the talks, Spanish soldiers ambushed the chieftains, also known as caciques, set the meeting house on fire, and then proceeded to kill anyone who fled the flames (causing his father's death). Enriquillo, an orphan, was later raised in a Santo Domingo monastery and given the name of "Enrico".[4] One of his mentors was Bartolomé de las Casas. De las Casas was a Spanish Roman Catholic Priest focused on the rights of Native Americans.[5] Enriquillo owned a steed and could read and write Castilian. He was aware of his privileges or rights as a subject of the colony and was still recognized as a chief or nitaíno by the other indigenous people. For this reason, he served as a foreman for the encomendero.

Enriquillo also had a wife, called Mencía, later with the noble title Doña due to Enriquillo's high standing and relations with the Spaniards. She was raped by a Spaniard named Valenzuela. When Enriquillo tried to take the issue to the Spanish courts, nothing could be done, since it was Doña Mencia's word against the Spaniard's word. This, according to some writers, was the tipping point for Enriquillo which led to his revolt in the Bahoruco mountains.

Rebellion
Statue of Enriquillo,Museum of the Dominican Man

Several revolts followed in the first half of the 16th century, the most famous began in 1519. Enriquillo, one of the few remaining caciques, or indigenous chiefs, started the revolt with a large number of Taínos from the mountain range of Bahoruco. The Tainos were able to continue the rebellion because of their better knowledge of the region.[6] As the Spaniards were not able to control the rebellion, a treaty was signed granting to the Native population among others the right of Freedom and of Possession. It had little consequences, however, as by this time the Native population was rapidly declining due to European diseases.

Thirteen years of insurrection of the Bahoruco chieftain cost the Spanish monarchy more than 40,000 gold pesos. Assaults, fires, raids, death of Spaniards and a dangerous example for the slaves, who by the end of the 1520s numbered thousands in the southern part of the island, dedicated to the production of sugar cane. His style of fighting and the method that he applied of irregular warfare and his cunning, patience and prudence; the efficient information and supply service that he organized in the region, in the high mountains of the Sierra, made him feared by the Spaniards. A true military leader, a great captain, capable of facing and defeating the representatives of the most powerful nation in the world at that time. Their resistance forced the King of Spain to commission Francisco de Barrionuevo to put an end, by means of negotiation or force, to the long conflict that unsettled the colony.

Enrique del Bahoruco, as he was originally known, received Barrionuevo, in his first interview, bearing a letter from Carlos and, on Cabritos Island. Those agreements were never fully executed; the Cacique assumed a peaceful attitude from that moment on. He never came down from the mountains and although there is talk of a visit to Santo Domingo accompanied by his wife, nothing confirms that fact. By the success of his negotiations, he became the “Liberator of the Quisqueyanos”.

According to sources, the chief Enriquillo settled in the area that is today the province of Monte Plata, and lived in the Yucatecan (town) of Boya where he died. The tomb of the Liberator became a place of pilgrimage by the natives and for this reason the Spaniards decided to build the church of Agua Santa in the community of Boya in the Province of Monte Plata over his tomb, to dislocate the true place of the sanctuary of such a leader. It is also stated that the Cacique died around 1536 of about 40 years of age.

Guarocuya

Most historians agree (see Sued Badillo) that Enriquillo was the same person as the cacique Guarocuya which would mean that Enriquillo belonged to the highest house of the Jaragua cacicazgo. Guarocuya was the nephew of Anacaona, sister to the cacique of Jaragua Bohechío and his eventual successor once Bohechío was killed. Anacaona was married to Caonabo, who was the cacique of the neighboring Maguana kingdom. A minority of historians, however, claim that Guarocuya was captured and hanged, while Enriquillo succeeded in his revolt. Most historians believe both rebels were the same person, arguing that the tales of Guarocuya's demise are identical to the more verifiable accounts of the capture and execution of his aunt Anacaona and the stories have been conflated. It is also well documented that the character of Enriquillo was married to Mencía, the mestiza granddaughter of Anacaona.

His name, Enriquillo, would come after his baptism as a Catholic. The name Enriquillo, "little Enrique," was probably due to his age at the time of the baptism.

Lake Enriquillo

The salt water lake Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican province of Baoruco was named after him. Looking out over it is the Trono de Enriquillo, where he is said to have camped during the rebellion.[7]

In modern culture

The highest rank of the Asociación de Scouts Dominicanos was formerly named after him.

See also

References
  1. Ida Altman, "The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America," The Americas vol. 63(4)2007, 587-614.
  2. Bartolome de Las Casas, Historia de las Indias (Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Economico, 1965, second edition, vol. III, p. 260.
  3. WILSON, Samuel M. (1997). "Surviving European Conquest in the Caribbean". Revista de Arqueología Americana (12): 141–160. ISSN 0188-3631. JSTOR 27768388.
  4. Uriona, Viviana (2009), "Enriquillo and the Taíno revolt (1519–1533)", The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, American Cancer Society, p. 1, doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0515, ISBN 9781405198073
  5. "Bartolomé de Las Casas". www.u-s-history.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
  6. Altman, Ida (2007-05-10). "The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America". The Americas. 63 (4): 587–614. doi:10.1353/tam.2007.0052. ISSN 1533-6247.
  7. "Lago Enriquillo and Isla Cabritos - Dominican Republic Lake". mydominicanvacation.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.

Further reading
  • Altman, Ida, "The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America," The Americas vol. 63(4)2007, 587-614.
  • Sued Badillo, Jalil. General History of the Caribbean Volume I: Autochthonous Societies (English, Macmillan Caribbean, 2002)
  • Van Der Helm, Rien. Reis-handboek Dominicaanse Republiek (Dutch language, Elmar, 1991)
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