Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom

The modern environmental direct action movement in the United Kingdom started in 1991 with the formation of the first UK Earth First! group for a protest at Dungeness nuclear power station. Within two years, there were fifty Earth First! groups and activists linked with other parties in the road protest movement. There were large camps at Twyford Down and the M11 link road protest. By 1997, the Government had decided to reduce its road-building plans by two thirds.

A policed march at the Balcombe drilling protest in August 2013

After this success, the environmental movement then took on local struggles such as fighting a quarry at Stanton Moor and opposing a new runway at Manchester Airport. It grew to include different groups such as Camps for Climate Action, Plane Stupid, Reclaim the Streets, Rising Tide and The Land is Ours. In the 2010s, new groups emerged such as Extinction Rebellion, Grow Heathrow and camps protesting against HS2.

Earth First!
See also: Radical environmentalism

The Earth First! (EF) movement in the United Kingdom started in 1991 with a protest at Dungeness nuclear power station in Kent. From its inception, Earth First! was committed to direct action techniques from the group's inception, with support for only nonviolent ecotage.[1]

Earth First! consisted of a loose collection of groups and activists with no central organisation. After two years, there were fifty such groups, protesting in numbers not seen since the 1980s peace movement. The first Earth First! action focused around the importation of tropical hardwoods, with a protest at Liverpool docks in 1992. This action coincided with the Earth First! roadshow, in which a group of activists toured the country.[1]

Most actions were organised by individual groups and attended by people from other groups in the movement, some of them wore distinctive colours. Co-ordination happened through various publications including Do or Die, the Earth First! Action Update and later SchNEWS. Activist met at regular Earth First gatherings.[2]

Road protest camps
Main article: Road protest in the United Kingdom
Eviction of a treehouse at a camp resisting the Newbury Bypass.

Earth First! groups, together with many other groups, then became involved in the road protest movement, as an attempt to reverse the Government's road-building programme. The first major road protest happened at Twyford Down where a permanent protest camp was set up in late 1992 to oppose the construction of a new section of the M3 motorway. The Dongas tribe arose from this camp.[1]

The first tree-sits (occupations of trees) happened at Jesmond Dene in Newcastle in 1993, organised by the Flowerpot Tribe.[3]

Other early protests included Pollok Country Park in Glasgow, River Roddlesworth and Stanworth Valley near Preston, and at Solsbury Hill near Bath and the M11 link road protest in London, where an entire street was squatted.[4] After the eviction of Claremont Road in 1994, protesters from the Flowerpot and Dongas tribes joined the protest at Stanworth valley to build an "Ewok village" of the tree houses.

There were many subsequent road protests including Newbury bypass, the A30, Swampy became well known during the eviction at the A30 camp, although there were many other smaller road protest camps. Some camps did actually result in roads being cancelled, the first such cancellation occurring in London. The government slashed the roads programme 3 times, each by a third, in response to direct action techniques and associated public opinion.

By 1997, the Government had shrunk the road-building programme to a third of its original size. Alongside the need to save money and several reports criticising the original plans, the environmental direct action movement could claim a large role in this reduction.[5] Another sign of its effectiveness had already been seen in 1994, when the Government had passed the Criminal Justice Act. Among other things it created a series of new offences which criminalised many forms of protest.[6]

Wider Earth First! actions

The focus of Earth First! broadened over time to include protesting against the Manchester Airport second runway and fighting the use of genetically modified organisms. At the Nine Ladies stone circle in the Peak District, a camp successfully helped prevent a new quarry.[7]

The movement can be said to have given rise to a number of other groups, notably Reclaim the Streets and Rising Tide. The Land is Ours set up the Pure Genius camp on 13 acres (53,000 m2) of derelict land which had previously housed a brewery owned by Guinness company. The squatters, including George Monbiot, stated they had occupied the land fifty years after the successes of the post World War II squatting movement.[8]

Climate activism
Camp for Climate Action with Drax power station in background

Direct action techniques have also been applied to climate-related issues. On 31 August 2006, 600 people attended a protest called Reclaim Power against carbon emissions at the coal-fired Drax power station in Yorkshire.[9] The protests were coordinated by the Camp for Climate Action, a ten-day camp held near the power station.[10] The campers had also a blockaded a nuclear power station in Hartlepool, Teesside.[11]

At a later climate camp, undercover police officer Mark Kennedy encouraged activists to commit aggravated trespass at Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station and the trial of six people subsequently collapsed when this was revealed.[12]

Actions carried out by the Plane Stupid group include the grounding of planes through the establishment of a climate camp on an airport taxiway and occupations of offices belonging to airport operator BAA and short-haul airline, EasyJet. On 8 December 2008, the group breached the perimeter of London Stansted Airport, causing a runway to be closed for three hours and the cancellation of 56 Ryanair flights. The protest was in response to the announcement that a second runway would be built at Stansted and there were 57 arrests.[13]

Grow Heathrow is a land squat in Sipson, west London, on a site which might be demolished to build a new runway at Heathrow Airport.[14] It was occupied in 2010 and partially evicted in 2019.[15] Frack Off was set up in 2011, one of a number of groups set up in response to concerns about the safety of fracking and other forms of shale gas extraction.[16] Following on from these groups, Extinction Rebellion was set up on 31 October 2018, after a letter was published in The Guardian voicing concerns about the ecological crisis which was signed by 94 scientists.[17]

High Speed 2

High Speed 2 is a currently under construction high-speed railway network which will link London, Birmingham, Leeds, London and Manchester. According to the Woodland Trust, 108 sites of ancient woodland are under threat. The decision of the Department for Transport was that phase one, construction of a rail link from London to Birmingham, could begin on 15 April 2020. Four woodlands in Warwickshire were immediately destroyed, despite the recommended advice being to only carry out felling in autumn to minimise damage to flora and fauna.[18] Environmental campaigners had already set up occupations along the route of the proposed train line. In January 2020, HS2 Limited began evicting a series of camps in the Colne Valley Regional Park which had been occupied since October 2017. Activists, including some connected to Extinction Rebellion and the Green Party had been monitoring the work on HS2 and contested the evictions, claiming that HS2 did not own the land.[19] In May 2020, a squat in Harefield, west London was evicted.[20]

See also

References
  1. Bowers, Jake; Torrance, Jason (May 2, 2001). "Grey green". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-04-02. Retrieved 2006-03-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. Weed, Little (1994). "Jesmond Dene, direct action road protest camp". www.eco-action.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  4. Monbiot, George (21 February 1997). "Multi-issue Politics". Times Literary Supplement. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  5. Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (2014). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-135-55396-8. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  6. "Howard's way proved unfair – the controversial Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 is gradually being redressed by the UK and European courts". Law Gazette. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  7. Dugan, Emily (5 October 2008). "The eco-warriors who became local heroes". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  8. Andy Beckett (12 May 1996). "Occupying the Moral High Ground". Independent. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  9. "Power station protesters arrested". BBC News. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  10. Wainwright, Martin (1 September 2006). "In the shadow of Drax, not so much a fight as a festival". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  11. Ward, David (30 August 2006). "Energy protesters blockade nuclear power station". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  12. Evans, Rob; Lewis, Paul (7 June 2011). "Police spying: secret tapes that put CPS on the spot". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  13. "57 arrested as Stansted protest grounds flights". The Independent. London. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  14. England, Charlotte (13 July 2017). "Inside Grow Heathrow: the UK's most famous protest camp". Huck Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  15. "Grow Heathrow halved". Freedom. London. 2019-02-28. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  16. Melley, James (28 September 2011). "New groups protest at shale gas". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  17. "Facts about our ecological crisis are incontrovertible. We must take action | Letters". The Guardian. 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  18. "HS2 Rail Link: Ancient Woods Under Threat". Woodland Trust. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  19. Taylor, Diane (7 January 2020). "HS2 begins evicting activists from protest site after two years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  20. "Anti-HS2 campaigners woken by eviction squads clearing protest camps". ITV News. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.

Further reading
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