Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a treatment mostly used to treat kidney stones and in physical therapy and orthopedics.[1][2]

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
ESWT device (EMS Swiss DolorClast)
ICD-10-PCS6A93
ICD-9-CM98.5

Medical uses
Some of the passed fragments of a 1-cm calcium oxalate stone that was smashed using lithotripsy

The most common use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is for lithotripsy to treat kidney stones[3] (urinary calculosis) and biliary calculi (stones in the gallbladder or in the liver) using an acoustic pulse. It is also reported to be used for salivary stones[4] and pancreatic stones.[5]

In the UK, NICE has found that the evidence for ESWT in the majority of indications is conflicting, as such ESWT should only be used where there are special arrangements for clinical governance and audit.[6] Two 2017 reviews had similar findings, with moderate level evidence at best.[7][8]

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used as a second line measure to treat tennis elbow,[9][10] shoulder rotator cuff pain,[11][12] achilles tendinitis,[13][14] plantar fasciitis,[15][16] and greater trochanteric pain syndrome.[17]

ESWT is also used to promote bone healing and treat bone necrosis.[18] It is an effective alternative to surgical treatment of non-healing fractures.[19]

ESWT is used for wound healing and has shown positive results in short-term and long-term outcomes in diabetic patients suffering from foot ulcers.[20] Randomised controlled trials into the use of ESWT for healing venous leg ulcers are needed as there is a lack of evidence in this area.[21]

Procedure

The lithotriptor attempts to break up the stone with minimal collateral damage by using an externally applied, focused, high-intensity acoustic pulse. The patient is usually sedated or anesthetized for the procedure in order to help them remain still and reduce possible discomfort.[22] Sedation is not required in its application for soft tissue injuries.

History

Beginning in 1969 and funded by the German Ministry of Defense, Dornier began a study of the effects of shock waves on tissue. In 1972, on the basis of preliminary studies performed by Dornier Medical Systems, an agreement was reached with Egbert Schmiedt, director of the urologic clinic at the University of Munich. The development of the Dornier lithotripter progressed through several prototypes, ultimately culminating in February 1980 with the first treatment of a human by SWL.The production and distribution of the Dornier HM3 lithotripter began in late 1983, and SWL was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1984.[23]

In the 1980s people using ESWT for kidney stones noticed that it appeared to increase bone density in nearby bones, leading them to explore it for orthopedic purposes.[24]

Research

In response to concerns raised by NICE, in 2012 a study called the Assessment of the Effectiveness of ESWT for Soft Tissue Injuries was launched (ASSERT).[6]

As of 2018 use of ESWT had been studied as a potential treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in three small studies; there were short term improvements in symptoms and few adverse effects, but the medium term results are unknown, and the results are difficult to generalize due to low quality of the studies.[25]

Veterinary use

ESWT is commonly used for treating orthopedic problems in horses, including tendon and ligament injuries, kissing spine, navicular syndrome, and arthritis. The evidence for these uses is weak.[24]

Physiotherapy use

ESWT is used in physical therapy for pain reduction, increase in metabolism at the cellular level, revascularisation, and recovering normal muscle tone following various disorders.[26] The use of ESWT was demonstrated in patients with frozen shoulders compared to therapeutic ultrasound with exercises.[27]

See also

References
  1. Wang, Ching-Jen (2012). "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 7 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1749-799X-7-11. PMC 3342893. PMID 22433113.
  2. Chung, Bryan; Wiley, J. Preston (2002). "Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy". Sports Medicine. 32 (13): 851–865. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232130-00004. PMID 12392445.
  3. Srisubat, A; Potisat1, S; Lojanapiwat, B; Setthawong, V; Laopaiboon, M (24 November 2014). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for kidney stones". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD007044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007044.pub3. PMID 25418417.
  4. "Salivary duct stones: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
  5. Hayes JM, Ding SL (September 2012). "Pancreatic stone and treatment using ERCP and ESWL procedures: a case study and review". N. Z. Med. J. 125 (1361): 89–97. PMID 22960720.
  6. Maffulli G, Hemmings S, Maffulli N (2014). "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) For Soft Tissue Injuries (ASSERT): An Online Database Protocol". Translational Medicine @ UniSa. 10: 46–51. PMC 4140430. PMID 25147767.
  7. Korakakis, V; Whiteley, R; Tzavara, A; Malliaropoulos, N (2018). "The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: a systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52 (6): 387–407. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347. PMID 28954794.
  8. Steuri, R; Sattelmayer, M; Elsig, S; Kolly, C; Tal, A; Taeymans, J; Hilfiker, R (September 2017). "Effectiveness of conservative interventions including exercise, manual therapy and medical management in adults with shoulder impingement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (18): 1340–7. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096515. PMC 5574390. PMID 28630217.
  9. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG313.
  10. Thiele S, Thiele R, Gerdesmeyer L (2015). "Lateral epicondylitis: This is still a main indication for extracorporeal shockwave therapy". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 165–70. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.034. PMID 26455532.
  11. "Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for calcific tendonitis (tendinopathy) of the shoulder". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. November 2003. IPG21.
  12. Louwerens JK, Sierevelt IN, van Noort A, van den Bekerom MP (2014). "Evidence for minimally invasive therapies in the management of chronic calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 23 (8): 1240–9. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.002. PMID 24774621.
  13. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory Achilles tendinopathy". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG312.
  14. Wiegerinck JI, Kerkhoffs GM, van Sterkenburg MN, Sierevelt IN, van Dijk CN (2013). "Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review". Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 21 (6): 1345–55. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2219-8. PMID 23052113.
  15. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory plantar fasciitis". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. August 2009. IPG311.
  16. Yin MC, Ye J, Yao M, Cui XJ, Xia Y, Shen QX, Tong ZY, Wu XQ, Ma JM, Mo W (2014). "Is extracorporeal shock wave therapy clinical efficacy for relief of chronic, recalcitrant plantar fasciitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95 (8): 1585–93. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.033. PMID 24662810.
  17. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory greater trochanteric pain syndrome". Interventional procedures guidance. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. January 2011. IPG376.
  18. Cheng JH, Wang CJ (2015). "Biological mechanism of shockwave in bone". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 143–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.059. PMID 26118613.
  19. Kong FR, Liang YJ, Qin SG, Li JJ, Li XL (2010). "[Clinical application of extracorporeal shock wave to repair and reconstruct osseous tissue framework in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH)]". Zhongguo Gu Shang (in Chinese). 23 (1): 12–5. PMID 20191955.
  20. Wang CJ, Cheng JH, Kuo YR, Schaden W, Mittermayr R (2015). "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in diabetic foot ulcers". International Journal of Surgery. 24 (Pt B): 207–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.024. PMID 26079500.
  21. Cooper, Ben; Bachoo, Paul (2018-06-11). "Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the healing and management of venous leg ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6: CD011842. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011842.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6513251. PMID 29889978.
  22. "Lithotrypsy" National Kidney Foundation, Accessed February 6, 2017
  23. "Gastroenterology and Urology Devices; Reclassification of the Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripter AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS ACTION: Proposed rule". Federal Register (US Government). February 8, 1999. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  24. Chamberlain, GA; Colborne, GR (2016). "A review of the cellular and molecular effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 29 (2): 99–107. doi:10.3415/VCOT-15-04-0057. PMID 26846274.
  25. Franco, Juan Va; Turk, Tarek; Jung, Jae Hung; Xiao, Yu-Tian; Iakhno, Stanislav; Garrote, Virginia; Vietto, Valeria (12 May 2018). "Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD012551. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012551.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6494451. PMID 29757454.
  26. Gündüz, Rukiye; Malas, Fevziye Ünsal; Borman, Pınar; Kocaoğlu, Seher; Özçakar, Levent (2012-05-01). "Physical therapy, corticosteroid injection, and extracorporeal shock wave treatment in lateral epicondylitis". Clinical Rheumatology. 31 (5): 807–812. doi:10.1007/s10067-012-1939-y. ISSN 1434-9949.
  27. Ramprasad M, Ayesha AR, Fatma AA (Feb 2019). "The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for frozen shoulder in patients with diabetes: randomized control trial". J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 31 (7): 0493–97. doi:10.1589/jpts.31.493. PMC 6642889. PMID 31417208.
  28. Aboumarzouk OM, Monga M, Kata SG, Traxer O, Somani BK (Oct 2012). "Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for stones >2 cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Endourol. 26 (10): 1257–63. doi:10.1089/end.2012.0217. PMID 22642568. S2CID 6833750.
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