Fastest animals

This is a list of the fastest animals in the world, by types of animal.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Fastest organism

The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which has a recorded speed of between 109.4 km/h (68.0 mph) and 120.7 km/h (75.0 mph).[1] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom, with a diving speed of 389 km/h (242 mph).[2] Among the fastest animals in the sea is the black marlin, with uncertain and conflicting reports of recorded speeds.

When drawing comparisons between different classes of animals, an alternative unit is used for organisms: body length per second. The fastest organism on earth, relative to its body length, is the Southern Californian mite, Paratarsotomus macropalpis, which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second.[3] The equivalent speed for a human, running as fast as this mite, would be 1,300 mph (2,092 km/h).[4] The speed of the P. macropalpis is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle Cicindela eburneola, which is the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, with a recorded speed of 1.86 metres per second (6.7 km/h; 4.2 mph), or 171 body lengths per second.[5] The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second,[3] while Anna's hummingbird has the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.

List of animals by speed
Rank Animal Maximum speed Class Notes
1 Peregrine falcon 389 km/h (242 mph)
108 m/s (354 ft/s)
[2][6]		 Flight-diving The peregrine falcon is the fastest aerial animal, fastest animal in flight, fastest bird, and the overall fastest member of the animal kingdom. The peregrine achieves its highest velocity not in horizontal level flight, but during its characteristic hunting stoop. While stooping, the peregrine falcon soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h).[2]
Assuming the maximum size at 58 cm, its relative speed clocks at 186 body lengths per second during its hunting swoop, the equivalent of a human running at 170 m/s (560 ft/s).
2 Golden eagle 240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)
67–89 m/s (220–293 ft/s)
[7]		 Flight-diving Assuming the maximum size at 1.02 m, its relative speed clocks at 66-87 body lengths per second, the equivalent of a human running at 60–80 m/s (197–262 ft/s).
3 White-throated needletail swift 169 km/h (105 mph)
[8][9][10]		 Flight
4 Eurasian hobby 160 km/h (100 mph)
[11]		 Flight Can sometimes outfly the swift
5 Mexican free-tailed bat 160 km/h (100 mph)
[12]		 Flight It has been claimed to have the fastest horizontal speed (as opposed to stoop diving speed) of any animal.
6 Frigatebird 153 km/h (95 mph) Flight The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.
7 Rock dove (pigeon) 148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)
[13]		 Flight Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.
8 Spur-winged goose 142 km/h (88 mph)
[14]		 Flight
9 Gyrfalcon 128 km/h (80 mph) Flight
10 Grey-headed albatross 127 km/h (79 mph)
[15][16][note 1]		 Flight
11 Cheetah 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)
[lower-alpha 1]		 Land Fastest land-animal, fastest feline, the cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited.[1]
12 Sailfish 109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)
 Flight-swimming
13 Anna's hummingbird 98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)
[22]		 Flight
14[note 2] Swordfish 97 km/h (60 mph) Swimming
15 Pronghorn 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[lower-alpha 2] Land
16 Springbok 88 km/h (55 mph)
[27][28]		 Land
17 Quarter Horse 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph) Land The American Quarter Horse, or Quarter Horse, is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph (88.5 km/h).
18[note 3] Blue wildebeest 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[lower-alpha 3] Land
19[note 3] Lion 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph) Land
20 Blackbuck

80 km/h (50 mph)
[27][32]

 Land

    Invertebrates
    Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
    Horsefly 145 km/h (90 mph)
    [33]    		 The pursuit maneuver used by male Hybomitra hinei wrighti, measured by interpolation of slow-motion cinematography.
    Members of Loliginidae and Ommastrephidae 36 km/h (22 mph) Many of these species "fly" out of the water to escape danger. The Japanese flying squid can glide for 3 seconds over 30 metres.
    Paratarsotomus macropalpis 22 cm/s (8.7 in/s)
    800 m/h (730 ft/ks)    		 0.7 mm long mite endemic to Southern California, tracked running up to 322 body lengths per second, equivalent to a human running at around 2,092 km/h (1,300 mph). Because of this feat, it is ranked the fastest animal on the planet relative to its body size. It can also withstand temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F), which are lethal to many animals.[4][34]
    Tiger beetle 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph)
    [5]    		 The Australian tiger beetle, Cicindela eburneola, is one of the fastest running insects in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second. It can fly at 43 km/h (27 mph).

    Fish
    Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
    Black marlin132 km/h (82 mph)A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).
    Sailfish109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)In a series of tests carried out in a fishing cam at Long Key, Florida, United States, sailfish swam and leapt 91 meters (300 feet) in 3 seconds, equivalent to a speed of 109 km/h (68 mph), although this speed includes leaps out of the water, which do not strictly qualify as swimming speed.
    Swordfish97 km/h (60 mph)The 60 mph (97 km/h) figure listed for the swordfish is based on a corrupted version of calculations made by Sir James Gray to estimate the impact speed necessary for a hypothetical 600-pound (270 kg) swordfish to embed its sword 3 feet in the timbers of ships, as has been known to occur; the figure seems to have entered the literature without question as though someone had actually timed a swordfish at that speed.
    Yellowfin tuna76 km/h (47 mph)
    [35]    		Many tuna species are capable of swimming at fast speeds colloquially cited at around 80 km/h (50 mph). The tails of tuna move fast enough to cause cavitation, which slows them down as vapour accumulates.[36] Tuna have bony fins without nerve endings, which prevents the fish from feeling the pain of cavitation but does not fully protect them from the implosive damage.
    Shortfin mako shark72 km/h (45 mph)Underwater and unimpeded by a fishing line, the Shortfin Mako has been reliably clocked at 31 miles (50 kilometres) per hour, and there is a claim that one individual of this species achieved a burst speed of 46 miles (74 kilometres) per hour. But it is extremely difficult to get a fish in the wild to swim in a straight line over a measured course. Laboratory measurements of numerous kinds of fishes — representing a wide range of body sizes — swimming against an artificial current have revealed a surprisingly uniform maximum burst speed of about 10 times the body length per second. Thus, for an average-sized, 6.5-foot (2-metre) Shortfin, its theoretical maximum speed might be something on the order of 45 miles (72 kilometres) per hour. Yet some estimates of the top-speed of a Shortfin Mako are considerably higher.

    Amphibians
    Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
    Nauta salamander 24.14 km/h (15.00 mph)
    		 Also known as the Andean Salamander, it is the fastest amphibian recorded.[37][38]

    Reptiles
    Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
    Perentie 40.23 km/h (25.00 mph)
    		 Generally considered the fastest recorded reptile
    Green Iguana 35.41 km/h (22.00 mph)
    [39]    		 Green Iguanas are large arboreal lizards capable of running at high speed on the ground.
    Leatherback sea turtle 35.28 km/h (21.92 mph)
    [40]    		 Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body.
    Costa Rican spiny-tailed iguana 34.6 km/h (21.5 mph)[41] Often cited as the world's fastest lizard in older sources.
    Six-lined racerunner 28.97 km/h (18.00 mph) A small lizard found throughout the Southern United States and Mexico.
    Black mamba 22.53 km/h (14.00 mph)
    [42]
    Komodo dragon 20.92 km/h (13.00 mph)
    [43]    		 Komodo dragons can run briefly up to 13 mph (21 km/h) but prefer to hunt by stealth.[43]

    Birds
    See also: List of birds by flight speed
    Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes
    Peregrine falcon389 km/h (242 mph)
    [2][6]    		The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom. It is not usually a fast animal, but its great speed is achieved in its hunting dive, the stoop, wherein it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h). However, it does not hold first place when travelling in level flight.
    Golden eagle

    240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)

    		 In full stoop, a golden eagle can reach spectacular speeds of up to 240 to 320 kilometers per hour (150 to 200 mph) when diving after prey. Although less agile and maneuverable, the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the peregrine falcon's stooping and gliding speeds.
    White-throated needletail169 km/h (105 mph)
    [8][9][10]    		The fastest-flying bird in flapping flight.
    Eurasian hobby160 km/h (100 mph)
    [11]    		It can sometimes even outfly birds such as the swift when hunting.
    Frigatebird 153 km/h (95 mph) The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.
    Rock dove (pigeon) 148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)
    [13]    		 Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.
    Spur-winged goose 142 km/h (88 mph)
    Red-breasted merganser 129 km/h (80 mph)
    [44]
    Gyrfalcon 128 km/h (80 mph)
    Grey-headed albatross 127 km/h (79 mph)
    [15][16]
    Anna's hummingbird98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)
    [22]    		The stated speed equals 276 body lengths per second, the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.
    Ostrich69.2 km/h (43 mph)The ostrich is the tallest and heaviest species of all living birds. Although its bulky body means that flying is out of the question, the ostrich has adapted to life on the ground with impressive agility. Ostriches are superb runners that can sprint at speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h) on average, with a peak 45 mph (72.4 km/h) during short periods, with 12-foot (3.7 m) strides. This also makes the ostrich the fastest animal on two legs. The ostrich is also an endurance runner and can jog at 30 mph (48 km/h) for as long as half an hour.
    1. Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.
    2. Swordfish and ostrich have approximately equal average recorded speeds.
    3. The average recorded speeds of both blue wildebeest and lion are approximately equal.

    Mammals
    Animal Maximum speed Notes
    Human Instantaneous max. 47.56 km/h (29.55 mph)

    Avg max over fastest 10m to 20m was 45 kmh/28 mph.[45] Compared to other land animals, humans are ultramarathon runners and exceptionally capable of endurance—over very long distances, able to outrun every other species on land except certain dogs but exceptionally incapable of great speed.

    		 Usain Bolt set the 100 m world record at 9.58 seconds. His absolute fastest recorded speeds (between individual strides) during that sprint were 13.2 meters/second (29.55 mph / 47.52 km/h) between strides during the 50m to 70m intervals. Average overall maximum speeds over this 20m section of the race (where max speed is reached during approx. the middle) to 75m were 44–45 km/h (28 mph) before tapering from 75m onwards.[46]

    In the absence of significant external factors, non-athletic humans tend to walk at about 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph) and run at about 5.1 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph).[48][49][50] Although humans are capable of walking at speeds from nearly 0 m/s to upwards of 2.5 m/s (9.0 km/h; 5.6 mph) and running 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) in 6.5 minutes, humans typically choose to use only a small range within these speeds.[51]

    Mexican free-tailed bat
    (in flight)    		 160 km/h (99 mph)
    [12]
    Cheetah 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)
    [lower-alpha 4]    		 The cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited: most cheetahs run for only 60 seconds at a time.[1] When sprinting, cheetahs spend more time in the air than on the ground.[52] See Sarah, the fastest cheetah.
    Common Tsessebe 90 km/h (56 mph)[53] The fastest antelopes of Africa.
    Pronghorn 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)
    [lower-alpha 5]    		 The pronghorn (American antelope) is the fastest animal over long distances; it can run 56 km/h for 6 km (35 mph for 4 mi), 67 km/h for 1.6 km (42 mph for 1 mi), and 88.5 km/h for 0.8 km (55 mph for 0.5 mi).[1]
    Springbok 88 km/h (55 mph)
    [27][28]    		 The springbok, an antelope of the gazelle tribe in southern Africa,[28] can make long jumps and sharp turns while running. Unlike pronghorns, springboks are poor long-distance runners.[1]
    Wildebeest 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)
    [lower-alpha 6]    		 The wildebeest, an antelope, exists as two species: the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest. Both are extremely fast runners, which allows them to flee from predators.[31] They are better at endurance running than at sprinting.[30]
    Lion 80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)
    [54]    		 The lion is the second fastest wild cat with a top running speed of 80.5 km/h, though only for very short bursts. This can be highly exhausting, hence lions have to be close to their prey before starting the attack.[54]
    Blackbuck 80 km/h (50 mph)
    [27][32]    		 The blackbuck antelope can sustain speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) for over 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at a time.[32] Each of its strides (i.e., the distance between its hoofprints) is 5.8–6.7 m (19–22 ft).[27]
    Thomson's gazelle 80 km/h (50 mph)
    [lower-alpha 7]    		 Thomson's gazelles, being long-distance runners, can escape cheetahs by sheer endurance.[56] Their speed is partially due to their "stotting", or bounding leaps.[55]
    Hare80 km/h (50 mph)Hares can reach maximum speeds of 35 mph (56 km/h)[57] in short distances of approximately 90 meters, and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) for about 20 meters.[58]
    Jackrabbit 72 km/h (45 mph)
    [lower-alpha 8]    		 The jackrabbit's strong hind legs allow it to leap 3 m (9.8 ft) in one bound; some can even reach 6 m (20 ft).[67] Jackrabbits use a combination of leaps and zig-zags to outrun predators.[60]
    African wild dog 71 km/h (44 mph)
    [lower-alpha 9]    		 When hunting, African wild dogs can sprint at 66 km/h (41 mph) in bursts, and they can maintain speeds of 56–60 km/h (35–37 mph) for up to 4.8 km (3 mi).[71][72] Their targeted prey rarely escapes.[69]
    Kangaroo 71 km/h (44 mph)[lower-alpha 10] The comfortable hopping speed for a kangaroo is about 21–26 km/h (13–16 mph), but speeds of up to 71 km/h (44 mph) can be attained over short distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).[74] The faster a kangaroo hops, the less energy it consumes (up to its cruising speed).[73]
    American Quarter Horse (Domestic Horse) 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)
    [75]    		 The fastest horse speed was achieved by a thoroughbred.
    Greyhound (Domestic dog) 70 km/h (43 mph)
    [lower-alpha 11]    		 Greyhounds are the fastest dogs, and have primarily been bred for coursing game and racing.
    Onager 70 km/h (43 mph)[lower-alpha 12] The onager consists of several subspecies, which most likely share the same ability to run at high speeds.[80]
    Coyote 65 km/h (40 mph)
    [lower-alpha 13]    		 Coyotes can easily reach 48 km/h (30 mph), and can sprint at 65 km/h (40 mph) when hunting.[82] Even when lacking a front foot, a coyote can still run at around 32 km/h (20 mph).[81]
    Big brown bat 64 km/h (40 mph) Big brown bats are reported to be one of the fastest bats reaching speeds of up to 40 mph.[84]
    Common dolphin 64 km/h (40 mph)
    [lower-alpha 14]    		 Common dolphins are the fastest marine mammal. When reaching their top speed, they take very short breaths. As an example, fin whales, which are much larger, can empty and refill their lungs in 2 seconds
    Zebra 64 km/h (40 mph)
    [lower-alpha 15]    		 Zebras have a home range anywhere between 11 and 232 sq mi (28 and 601 km2) and they can travel 10 mi (16 km) a day while grazing.[88]
    Tiger 64 km/h (40 mph)
    [lower-alpha 16]    		 Tigers live in jungles, and have been recorded going anywhere from 30 mph (48 km/h) to 40 mph (64 km/h), although only in short bursts.
    Hyena 60 km/h (37 mph)
    [lower-alpha 17]    		 The hyena can run up to 60 km/h (37 mph); some attribute this performance specifically to the spotted hyena.[92] They use their speed to chase their prey, sometimes traveling 15 mi (24 km) in a single chase.
    Wombat 40 km/h (25 mph)
    [93]    		 Wombats can maintain that speed for 150 metres (490 ft).[93]

    See also

    Notes
    1. Different sources cite different speeds; estimates include 96–120 km/h (60–75 mph),[1] 98 km/h (61 mph),[17] 100 km/h (62 mph),[18] 104 km/h (65 mph),[19] and 104.4 km/h (64.9 mph).[20][21] There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals, and claims of the cheetah running 114 km/h (71 mph) or faster have been discredited.[1][21]
    2. Estimates include "over 53 miles (86 kilometers) per hour",[23] 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph),[1][19] an "alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour [96.6 km/h]" (emphasis added),[24] 98 km/h (61 mph),[25] and "a top speed of about 100 km/h [62 mph]" (emphasis added).[26]
    3. Estimates include 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically the black wildebeest),[29] "approximately 80 km/h or 50 mph",[30] and "over 50 miles per hour [80.5 km/h]" (specifically the blue wildebeest).[31]
    4. Different sources cite different speeds; estimates include 96–120 km/h (60–75 mph),[1] 98 km/h (61 mph),[17] 100 km/h (62 mph),[18] 104 km/h (65 mph),[19] and 104.4 km/h (64.9 mph).[20][21] There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals, and claims of the cheetah running 114 km/h (71 mph) or faster have been discredited.[1][21]
    5. Estimates include "over 53 miles (86 kilometers) per hour",[23] 88.5 km/h (55.0 mph),[1][19] an "alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour [96.6 km/h]" (emphasis added),[24] 98 km/h (61 mph),[25] and "a top speed of about 100 km/h [62 mph]" (emphasis added).[26]
    6. Estimates include 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically the black wildebeest),[29] "approximately 80 km/h or 50 mph",[30] and "over 50 miles per hour [80.5 km/h]" (specifically the blue wildebeest).[31]
    7. Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph)[55] and 70 km/h (43 mph).[56]
    8. Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph),[59][60] 70 km/h (43 mph),[61]:237[62] and 72 km/h (45 mph) (some attribute this to the antelope jackrabbit,[63] others to the white-tailed jackrabbit,[64][65] and still others to jackrabbits in general.[66])
    9. Estimates include 66 km/h (41 mph)[68] and 71 km/h (44 mph)[69][70]
    10. Estimates include "more than 30 miles per hour (48 kilometers per hour)"[73] and 71 km/h (44 mph).[74]
    11. Estimates include 67 km/h (42 mph),[76] 68.4 km/h (42.5 mph),[77] and 69 km/h (43 mph).[19]
    12. Estimates include 64 km/h (40 mph),[78]:169 69 km/h (43 mph) (specifically for the kulan subspecies),[79] and 70 km/h (43 mph) (specifically for the Persian subspecies).[80]
    13. Estimates include 64 km/h (39.8 mph),[81] 64.4 km/h (40 mph),[82] and 65 km/h (40 mph)[83]:55
    14. Estimates include 64 km/h (39.8 mph),[85]
    15. Estimates include 35 mph (56 km/h)[86] and 40 mph (64 km/h) for both the Grévy's zebra and Burchell's zebra.[87][88]
    16. Estimates include 40 mph (64 km/h)[89]
    17. Estimates include 30 mph (48 km/h),[90] 25–31 mph (40–50 km/h) (specifically for the brown hyena)[91] and 37 mph (60 km/h)[78]:160[92]

    References
    1. Carwardine, Mark (2008). Animal Records. New York: Sterling. pp. 11, 43. ISBN 9781402756238.
    2. Falling with the Falcon | Flight Today | Air & Space Magazine
    3. PTI (28 April 2014). "Mite runs faster than cheetah, sets record as world's fastest land animal". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
    4. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) (27 April 2014). "Mite sets new record as world's fastest land animal". Featured Research. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
    5. Merritt, Thomas M. (31 July 1999). "Chapter 39: Fastest Runner". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
    6. Video of peregrine falcon
    7. "The Fastest Birds In The World". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
    8. "trails.com". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
    9. "travelalmanac.com". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
    10. "Newton". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
    11. Seago, Michael J. "Birds of Britain – Hobby, Falco subbuteo". Retrieved 13 January 2013.
    12. "Brazilian free-tailed bat is the fastest flyer in the animal kingdom".
    13. fbipigeons.com, PIGEON FACTS
    14. "Spur-winged Goose | Speed of Animals".
    15. "Guinness Records – Fastest Bird Level Flight". Guinness World Records Limited. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
    16. Catry, Paulo; Phillips, Richard (13 May 2004). "Sustained fast travel by a gray-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) riding an antarctic storm". The Auk. 121 (4): 1208. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1208:SFTBAG]2.0.CO;2.
    17. Smith, Roff (2 August 2012). "Cheetah Breaks Speed Record—Beats Usain Bolt by Seconds". National Geographic Daily News. National Geographic Society.
    18. Sears, Edward S. (2001). Running Through the Ages. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 5. ISBN 9780786409716.
    19. "Even Rohan Harikumar can't beat greyhounds, cheetahs...or pronghorn antelope". ScienceDaily. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    20. "Speed sensation". Nature Video Collections. BBC Nature. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    21. Sharp, N. C. C. (1 March 1997). "Timed running speed of a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)". Journal of Zoology. 241 (3): 493–494. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb04840.x.
    22. Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits
    23. "Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)". National Geographic. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    24. Nowak, Rachel (1 December 1992). "The Pronghorn's Prowess". Discover Magazine. Kalmbach Publishing Co. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    25. Krejci, Kandace; Dewey, Tanya. "Antilocarpa americana: pronghorn". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
    26. McKean, Tom; Ben Walker (September 1974). "Comparison of selected cardiopulmonary parameters between the pronghorn and the goat". Respiration Physiology. 21 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(74)90066-8. ISSN 0034-5687. PMID 4417857.
    27. Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1 January 2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia Set. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 226, 2499. ISBN 9780761472667.
    28. Estest, Richard. "springbok". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    29. Kohn, Tertius Abraham; Curry, Jennifer Wendy; Noakes, Timothy David (1 December 2011). "Black wildebeest skeletal muscle exhibits high oxidative capacity and a high proportion of type IIx fibres". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (23): 4041–4047. doi:10.1242/jeb.061572. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 22071196.
    30. McGowan, Christopher (28 February 1999). A Practical Guide to Vertebrate Mechanics. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780521576734.
    31. PBS. "Animal Guide: Blue Wildebeest". Nature. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    32. Nowak, Ronald M. (7 April 1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. JHU Press. p. 1193. ISBN 9780801857898.
    33. Chapter 1: Fastest Flyer, Book of Insect Records, University of California, 31 May 1994. Retrieved October 2017.
    34. Mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis is World’s Fastest Terrestrial Animal, Study Says, Sci-News.com, 28 April 2014. Retrieved May 2014.
    35. Block, Barbara A.; Booth, David; Carey, Francis G. (1992). "Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. Company of Biologists Ltd. 166: 267–284. ISSN 0022-0949. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
    36. Iosilevskii, G; Weihs, D (6 March 2008). "Speed limits on swimming of fishes and cetaceans". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (20): 329–338. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1073. PMC 2607394. PMID 17580289.
    39. "Is a Gilamonster faster than an Iguana? | Purely Facts".
    40. McFarlan, Donald (1991). Guinness Book of Records 1992. New York: Guinness.
    41. "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach" (PDF).
    42. Black mamba#cite note-Adele2-25
    43. "Komodo Dragon Facts".
    44. "Red-breasted Merganser | Speed of Animals".
    45. Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics (Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf, New Studies in Athletics (2011) 26: 1/2
    46. Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF WorldCHampionships in Athletics (Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf, New Studies in Athletics (2011) 26:1/2.
    47. "100 Metres – men – senior – outdoor – 2013". iaaf.org. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
    48. Browning, R. C., Baker, E. A., Herron, J. A. and Kram, R. (2006). "Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking". Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 (2): 390–398. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.940.7503. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2005. PMID 16210434. S2CID 16149098.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    49. Mohler, B. J.; Thompson, W. B.; Creem-Regehr, S. H.; Pick, H. L. Jr; Warren, W. H. Jr. (2007). "Visual flow influences gait transition speed and preferred walking speed". Experimental Brain Research. 181 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1007/s00221-007-0917-0. PMID 17372727. S2CID 7032232.
    50. Levine, R. V.; Norenzayan, A. (1999). "The Pace of Life in 31 Countries" (PDF). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 30 (2): 178–205. doi:10.1177/0022022199030002003. S2CID 5799354.
    51. Minetti, A. E. (2000). "The three modes of terrestrial locomotion". In Benno Maurus Nigg; Brian R. MacIntosh; Joachim Mester (eds.). Biomechanics and Biology of Movement. Human Kinetics. pp. 67–78. ISBN 978-0-7360-0331-5.
    52. Bardo, Matt (8 September 2012). "Cheetah's speed secrets revealed". BBC Nature. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
    53. https://africafreak.com/fastest-african-antelope
    54. "Animal_speed-Lion". SpeedofAnimals.com. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
    55. "Thomson's Gazelle: Gazella thomsonii". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
    56. Auman, Amy; Fye, Rachael; Dewey, Tanya. "Eudorcas thomsonii: Thomson's gazelle". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
    57. "Lepus europaeus (European hare)".
    58. Chapman, Joseph; Flux, John (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Lagomorph Specialist Group. p. 2. ISBN 2831700191.
    59. Virchow, Dallas; Hygnstrom, Scott; Ferraro, Dennis (1 January 2003). "G03-1526 Prevention and Control of Rabbit Damage". Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension.
    60. "Jackrabbit: Lepus californicus". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
    61. Vaughan, Terry; Ryan, James; Czaplewski, Nicholas (21 April 2011). Mammalogy. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763762995.
    62. Mares, Michael A.; Oklahoma Museum of Natural History (199). Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 310. ISBN 9780806131467.
    63. Feldhamer, George A.; Bruce C., Thompson; Chapman, Joseph A., eds. (21 October 2003). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (2nd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 65, 140, 909. ISBN 978-0801874161.
    64. "Whitetailed jackrabbit". Nevada Wildlife: Fact Sheets. Nevada Department of Wildlife. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
    65. "White-tailed Jackrabbit" (PDF). Iowa Department of Natural Resources. March 2004.
    66. Deal, Kevin H. (1 June 2002). Wildlife & Natural Resource Management. Cengage Learning. p. 129. ISBN 9780766826816.
    67. Ballenger, Liz. "Lepus californicus: black-tailed jackrabbit". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
    68. Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World: Dee-fox. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. p. 458. ISBN 9780761471981.
    69. World Wildlife Fund. "African Wild Dog". Species. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
    70. Hart, Donna L.; Sussman, Robert W. (2005). Man The Hunted: Primates, Predators, and Human Evolution. Basic Books. p. 105. ISBN 9780813339368.
    71. African Wildlife Foundation. "African Wild Dog". Retrieved 10 January 2013.
    72. "African Wild Dog". Animal Bytes. San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
    73. Zoological Society of San Diego. "Animal Bytes: Kangaroo and Wallaby". San Diego Zoo. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    74. Penny, Malcolm (2002). The Secret Life of Kangaroos. Austin TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. ISBN 978-0739849866.
    75. "Fastest speed for a race horse". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    76. Branigan, Cynthia A. (14 April 2004). Adopting the Racing Greyhound. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 9780764558986.
    77. Knight, Kathryn (15 July 2012). "How Cheetahs Outpace Greyhounds". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (14): i. doi:10.1242/jeb.075788. ISSN 0022-0949.
    78. Cooke, Fred; Bruce, Jenni (1 October 2004). The Encyclopedia of Animals: A Complete Visual Guide. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244061.
    79. Reuter, Bradley. "Equus hemionus: kulan". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    80. Grogan, Jill. "Equus hemionus onager: onager". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    81. Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998). Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. p. 360. ISBN 9780520211995.
    82. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service. "The Coyote". Big Bend National Park. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
    83. North American Wildlife. Marshall Cavendish. 1 September 2010. ISBN 9780761479383.
    84. "Big Brown Bat Fact Sheet".
    85. "Marine Mammals – Descriptions & Behavior". MarineBio.org. MarineBio.org. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
    86. Zoological Society of San Diego. "Animal Bytes: Zebra". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    87. African Wildlife Foundation. "Grevy's Zebra". Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    88. "Damara zebra". Oregon Zoo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    89. Environmental Graffiti activist site. "50 Fun Facts About Tigers". Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
    90. Zoological Society of San Diego. "Animal Bytes: Spotted Hyena". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    91. Schmidtke, Mike. "Hyaena brunnea: brown hyena". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan: Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
    92. Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. p. 33. ISBN 9782831704425.
    93. Humble, Gary (1 June 2006). "The Uncommon Wombat". Scribbly Gum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.