Fort at Number 4

The Fort at Number 4 was a mid-18th century stockade fortification protecting Plantation Number 4, the northernmost British settlement along the Connecticut River in the Province of New Hampshire until after the French and Indian War. It was located in the present-day town of Charlestown, New Hampshire. A recreation of the fort, dating to 1960, now functions as an open-air museum, and was added to the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in July 2020.[1]

Fort at Number 4
The Fort at No. 4 Open-Air Museum
LocationCharlestown, New Hampshire
Coordinates43°15′18″N 72°25′56″W
Built1744 (original)
1960 (recreation)
Websitewww.fortat4.org
DesignatedJuly 2020[1]
Location of Fort at Number 4 in New Hampshire

History

Plantation Number 4 was one of several towns[lower-alpha 1] established in 1735–36 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony,[3]:4–7 more than 30 miles (50 km) from the nearest other British settlement at Fort Dummer. Settlement of the town began in 1740 by brothers Stephen, Samuel and David Farnsworth.[3]:14 By 1743, there were 10 families settled at Number 4.

The fortification within Number 4 was established in 1744 when the people of the town voted to move several of their homes to created a fortified section of the town. The "fort" was a rectangle of six houses connected with lean-tos. The southern end of the fort consisted of a two-story structure with a Great Hall on the second floor and an attached guard tower. The only gate into the fortification lay below the Great Hall and was flanked by a small stable to the east and a guard house to the west. Three sides of the fortification were enclosed in a stockade, which continued on the southwest side of the fort to enclose and protect an existing well.

King George's War

In 1744, during King George's War, many of the area's outlying farms and buildings were burned by the French and their Native allies. Some settlers, along with some Native warriors, were killed in ambushes and small skirmishes. Other settlers were taken prisoner, to be ransomed back in Canada. The settler families would all but abandon the fort in the fall of 1746; a small contingent of men stayed on at the fort until February of 1747. The fortification was later reoccupied by Capt. Phineas Stevens and 30 militia men in late March of 1747. On April 7, 11 days after Capt. Stevens and his men arrived, the fort was besieged by a force combining French militia and Abenaki warriors under the command of Ensign Joseph Boucher de Niverville of the French Marines.

Main article: Siege of Fort at Number 4

The siege lasted three days, until the French and Natives decided to head back to Canada rather than risk a direct attack on the fort, thus preventing further raids on settlements to the south and east. Reports of the incident claimed the sieging force was more than 500 strong, with numbers growing to over 700 as the story was repeated. French accounts of the siege put the number of Natives and accompanying French closer to 50 individuals. Commodore Charles Knowles of the Royal Navy, whilst Governor of Louisburg visiting Boston, was so impressed that he presented Stevens with “as costly and elegant a sword as could be procured in Boston”. Afterwards, the township was named Charlestown in honour of Charles Knowles,[4] who later became Rear-Admiral of Great Britain.

French and Indian War

One Native raid made into the town in August 1754, immediately prior to the French and Indian War, led to the capture of Susanna Willard Johnson and her family, most of whom were eventually sold into slavery. Following Johnson's release several decades later, she wrote a popular captivity narrative of her ordeal.

General John Stark's statue at the Bennington Battle Monument

During the last of the four French and Indian Wars, many soldiers were stationed in the Fort at Number 4 to protect the frontier. They included Colonel Nathan Whiting's Regiment of Connecticut, and Colonel John Goffe's New Hampshire Provincial Regiment. Returning from a raid on St. Francis, Quebec, Robert Rogers in 1759 sought help here for his hungry Rangers at Fort Wentworth far up the Connecticut River. Also at that time, General Jeffery Amherst ordered a road to be built between the fort and another fort newly captured at Crown Point, located on the shores of Lake Champlain in New York. Consequently, Capt. John Stark and a company of Rangers, together with Col. Goffe's Regiment, built the Crown Point Military Road. It was 77.5 miles (124.7 km) long, with many blockhouses along its route to protect supplies and travelers through the wilderness that would later become Vermont. With the defeat of the French in 1761, and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the need for the fort decreased.

American Revolutionary War

While traveling to the Battle of Bennington in 1777, John Stark (then a brigadier general) gathered the New Hampshire Militia regiments, numbering about 1,500 militiamen, at the site.[5][6] The fort fell into disrepair after the American Revolutionary War.[5]

Present-day museum

The Fort at Number 4 was reconstructed in 1960.[5][7] It now serves as an open-air museum in Charlestown, New Hampshire (incorporated as a town in 1783), depicting its appearance during King George's War. A group of historians and enthusiasts portray the settlers and town militia. During most summers, the fort hosts both French and Indian War and Revolutionary War reenactments.

See also

Notes
  1. Number 1 was in Chesterfield, Number 2 was in Westmoreland, and Number 3 was in Walpole.[2]

References
  1. "NH State Register of Historic Places new listings showcase the state's rich history" (Press release). New Hampshire Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. July 29, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020 – via NH.gov.
  2. "Fort at Number 4". Brattleboro Reformer. Brattleboro, Vermont. May 7, 1960. p. 4. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  3. Saunderson, Henry H. History of Charlestown, New Hampshire. Claremont, New Hampshire: The Claremont Manufacturing Company – via Wayback Machine. From its settlement to 1876
  4. The New England Historical and genealogical Register Vol XXVIII. Boston. 1874 pp.463
  5. "History of the Fort at No. 4". fortat4.org. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  6. "Battle of Bennington". totallyhistory.com. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  7. "Rebuilding of Capt. Stevens House at Fort No. 4 Begun". Rutland Herald. Rutland, Vermont. July 14, 1960. p. 13. Retrieved December 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
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