Four-year junior college

A four-year junior college was a type of educational institution in the United States in the 20th century that provided education from the 11th to the 14th grades, corresponding to the last two years of high school and the first two years of college. Although these are now considered secondary education and tertiary education respectively, advocates of the four-year junior college argued that all four years should be considered part of secondary education.[1]

Students repainting the Shimer College sign to reflect its change from a four-year junior college to a regular college.

The first proposal for four-year junior colleges was made in 1894, by George A. Merrill, Director of the Wilmerding School of Industrial Arts in San Francisco, California.[2] The first law formally authorizing such institutions was enacted in 1908.[3] However, the idea took some time to catch on. The first four-year junior was established in Texas in 1923 as Hillsboro Junior College, known today as Hill College.[4] Many others were established soon thereafter, but even in 1931, they numbered fewer than ten nationwide.[3]

The four-year junior college movement was closely associated with a broader movement for a 6-4-4 educational system:[5] six years of elementary school, four years of junior high school, and four years of junior college (or "senior school"[3]). Under this plan, graduation from junior college would "mark the end of the period of general education",[6] and students who wished would then proceed to more specialized education leading to the bachelor's degree and beyond.

Around its peak in 1942, the movement embraced 34 institutions nationwide, enrolling about 16,000 students in total.[7] Five of these institutions and 8,000 of the students were in California.[7] The development of the movement in California was aided by a state law allowing individual districts to adopt a 6-4-4 plan. Seven did so and established four-year public junior colleges: Pasadena (1928), Compton (1932), Ventura (1937), Pomona (1942), Napa (1942), Vallejo (1945), Stockton (1948).[7] From the late–1940s to the early–1960s, all of these localities changed back to a traditional high-school system. The last holdout was Napa, which reverted in 1964.[7]

Arguments

Advocates of four-year junior colleges advanced ten arguments in their system's favor:[8]

  1. Four-year junior colleges could deal better with the unique psychological challenges of adolescence.
  2. Unnecessary overlap between high-school and college coursework could be eliminated.
  3. Capital and maintenance costs could be reduced.
  4. Student time could be saved, with "superior" students finishing in three years rather than four.[9]
  5. Students could be better prepared for semiprofessional work.
  6. Better student counseling could be provided over a four-year period than in a two-year junior college.
  7. Localities that could not support a two-year junior college due to scale would be able to support a four-year one.[9][2]
  8. The four-year junior college would more closely resemble the successful German Gymnasium system.
  9. The legal dropout age of 16 makes the 10th grade a more logical breaking point than the 12th.
  10. A four-year junior institution can attract better teachers and staff than a two-year one.

List of four-year junior colleges

This is a list of schools that at one time adopted a four-year junior college curriculum.

Contemporary name Current name
(if extant)		 Locality State Years as four-year junior college Public/private Remarks
Alliance College – Cambridge Springs Pennsylvania Private Men only[10]
Bartlesville Junior College – Bartlesville Oklahoma 1940-1950 Public
Cameron State Agricultural College Cameron University Lawton Oklahoma 1927[11]-1941 Public
Carbon College Utah State University Eastern Price Utah Public
Cazenovia Seminary Cazenovia College Cazenovia New York 1934-1940[12] Private
Central College Central Christian College of Kansas McPherson Kansas Private
Compton College El Camino College Compton Center Compton California 1932-1949[7] Public
Dixie Junior College Dixie State University St. George Utah Public
East Central Junior College East Central Community College Decatur Mississippi Public
Frances Shimer College Shimer College Mount Carroll Illinois 1931-1950[13] Private Women only[10]
Goddard College Goddard College Plainfield Vermont 1938-1940[14] Private
Greenbrier College for Women – Lewisburg West Virginia Private Women only
Harrison-Stone-Jackson Junior College Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College Perkinston Mississippi Public
Hillsboro Junior College Hill College Hillsboro Texas 1923-1950[7] Public closed after 1950, reopened in 1962 as a two-year institution
Hiwassee College Hiwassee College Madisonville Tennessee Private
Iberia Junior College – Iberia Missouri Private
Jefferson City Junior College – Jefferson City Missouri Public
John Tarleton Agricultural College Tarleton State University Stephenville Texas 1917-[15] Public
Marot Junior College – Thompson Connecticut —1942[16] Private Women only[10]
Meridian Junior College Meridian Community College Meridian Mississippi Public
Moberly Junior College Moberly Area Community College Moberly Missouri Public
Mount Aloysius Junior College Mount Aloysius College Cresson Pennsylvania Private Women only[10]
Napa Junior College Napa Valley College Napa California 1942-1964[7] Public
National Park College – Forest Glen Maryland –1942[17] Private Women only[10]
Oxford College Oxford College of Emory University Oxford Georgia 1947-1963[18] Private
College of Paola – Paola Kansas –1957 (?)[19] Private Women only[10]
Parsons Junior College Labette Community College Parsons Kansas 1935- Public
Pasadena Junior College Pasadena City College Pasadena California 1928-1953[4] Public
Pearl River Junior College Pearl River Community College Poplarville Mississippi Public
Pomona Junior College Mount San Antonio College Pomona California 1942-1946[7] Public
St. Mary’s Female Seminary-Junior College St. Mary's College of Maryland St. Mary's City Maryland 1926-1960[20] Public Women only - later coeducational[20]
Saint Mary's Junior College Saint Mary's School Raleigh North Carolina Private Women only[10]
Snow College Snow College Ephraim Utah Public
Stephens College Stephens College Columbia Missouri Private Women only[10]
Stockton Junior College San Joaquin Delta College Stockton California 1948-1953[7] Public
Vallejo Junior College Solano Community College Vallejo California 1945-1955[7] Public
Ventura Junior College Ventura College Ventura California 1937-1949[7] Public
Vermont Junior College Vermont College of Fine Arts Montpelier Vermont Private
Westminster College Westminster College Salt Lake City Utah Private

Aftermath

Four-year junior colleges and the 6-4-4 movement were never able to achieve the critical mass required to shift the national educational system, and had faded away by the mid-1960s. A number of problems have been cited for the inability of the idea to take root, including problems with inter-institutional competition, resistance to change, and vested interests. In addition, "one of the greatest problems" was the incompatibility between the restrictions imposed by law on high school students in the institution's first two years and the greater freedom desired by students in the institution's second two years.[7] The differing regulatory and accreditation requirements often also meant that students in the last two years of the school could not take the same classes as students in the first two years for equivalent credit.

Perhaps as a result of these issues, in some institutions, such as Shimer College in Illinois, the four-year junior college essentially functioned as two separate institutions, with most students either transferring in or out after the 12th grade, and only a handful of students continuing through the full four years.[21] As a result, many of the economies envisioned by advocates of the four-year junior college system could not be achieved.

The public junior colleges that had adopted four-year junior college curricula, such as those in California and Texas, chiefly returned to a two-year junior college model; many are now community colleges. Many of the private colleges that had adopted the model are now four-year colleges.

The problem of providing a smooth transition between high school and college remained, however, and was tackled by Robert Maynard Hutchins, first at the University of Chicago and later nationwide through the Fund for the Advancement of Education. Hutchins' approach involved eliminating the last two years of high school entirely for the top 25% of students, and allowing them to proceed directly to college and obtain their bachelor's degree at the age at which they would ordinarily have been only two years through college. The plan faced stiff resistance from a variety of entrenched constituencies, including university faculty and high school principals, and most such early entrance to college programs disappeared, reappearing decades later as a form of gifted education. However, at Shimer College in Chicago, which had previously been a women's four-year junior college, an early entrance program descended directly from the Hutchins program remains in place.

Works cited
  • Diener, Thomas (1986). Growth of an American Invention: A Documentary History of the Junior and Community College Movement. ISBN 0313249938.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Eells, Walter C. (1931). "What Manner of Child Shall This Be?". Junior College Journal. 1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link), reprinted in Diener 1986, pages 99–115.
  • Eells, Walter Crosby, ed. (1940). American Junior Colleges. American Council on Education.
  • Glass, Rose (1953). "Shimer College History (1853–1950)" . In Hostetter, A. Beth (ed.). Centennial Anniversary Record. Mt. Carroll, Ill.: Shimer College. pp. 3–22. OCLC 33122715.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sexson, John Amherst; Harbeson, John Wesley (1946). The New American College.
  • Thelin, John R. (2004). A History of American Higher Education. ISBN 0801880041.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Winter, Carl G. (1964). History of the Junior College Movement in California (PDF). Bureau of Junior College.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wood, James M. (1930). "The Four-Year Junior College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Press. 1 (9): 515–519. JSTOR 1974766.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

References
  1. Sexson & Harbeson 1946, p. xvii.
  2. Winter 1964, p. 12.
  3. Eells 1931, p. 113.
  4. Winter 1964, pp. 12-13.
  5. Eells 1931, pp. 101.
  6. Wood 1930, p. 515.
  7. Winter 1964, p. 13.
  8. Eells 1931, pp. 101-108.
  9. Eells 1931, p. 106.
  10. Sexson & Harbeson 1946, pp. 78-79.
  11. American Junior Colleges 1940, p. 164.
  12. American Junior Colleges 1940, p. 170.
  13. Glass 1953.
  14. Hamlin, Wilfrid G. (1993). "Governance at Goddard: A Brief History". Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  15. Beeler, Kent D. (1973-07-13). "Conversion Patterns of Four-Year Institutions to Two-Year Institutions: 1948-1973" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  16. Petrauskas, John C. (1992). "Marianopolis College: A Visionary Immigrants' Dream". Lituanus. 38 (3). ISSN 0024-5089.
  17. "National Park Discontinues". Community and Junior College Journal. 13: 101–102. 1943.
  18. Moon, Joseph C. (2003). An Uncommon Place: Oxford College of Emory University, 1914–2000. Atlanta: Bookhouse Group.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  19. Patterson, Sarah (2014-08-06). "Ursuline Academy, Paola, Kansas". Ursuline Sisters of Mount Saint Joseph. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  20. "St. Marys: A When-Did Timeline", page 6, By Janet Butler Haugaard, Executive Editor and Writer, St. Mary’s College of Maryland with Susan G. Wilkinson, Director of Marketing and Communications, Historic St. Mary’s City Commission and Julia A. King, Associate Professor of Anthropology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Marys College Archives "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-03-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. Russell, John Dale (1944). Report of a Survey of Frances Shimer College. University of Chicago. p. 185.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

See also
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