Frome Hoard

The Frome Hoard is a hoard of 52,503 Roman coins found in April 2010 by metal detectorist Dave Crisp near Frome in Somerset, England.[1] The coins were contained in a ceramic pot 45 cm (18 in) in diameter,[2] and date from AD 253 to 305. Most of the coins are made from debased silver or bronze.[1] The hoard is one of the largest ever found in Britain, and is also important as it contains the largest group ever found of coins issued during the reign of Carausius, who ruled Britain independently from 286 to 293 and was the first Roman Emperor to strike coins in Britain.[1] The Museum of Somerset in Taunton, using a grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund (NHMF), acquired the hoard in 2011 for a value of £320,250.[3]

Frome Hoard
Coins from the hoard
MaterialSilver and bronze coins
Size52,503 coins
Createdearly 4th century
Period/cultureRomano-British
DiscoveredApril 2010
Near Frome, Somerset,
51.228°N 2.282°W / 51.228; -2.282
Discovered byDave Crisp
Present locationMuseum of Somerset, Taunton, England

Discovery and excavation

Discovery
Silver denarius of Carausius Adventus

The hoard was discovered on 11 April 2010 while Crisp was metal detecting in a field near Frome where he had previously found late Roman silver coins.[4] The late Roman coins, eventually totalling 62, were probably the remnants of a scattered hoard, 111 of which had been found on the same farm in 1867.[5] Whilst searching for more coins from the scattered hoard he received what he called a "funny signal" and on digging down about 35 cm (14 in) he found a small radiate coin, and the top of a small pot.[2] Realising that this must be an intact coin hoard he stopped digging and filled in the hole he had made.[5] In 22 years of detecting Crisp had never made such a significant find.[6]

Section drawing of the pot in situ, showing the pit in which the pot was placed, the smaller pot used to form a lid over the mouth of the larger pot, the organic matter and the small hole dug by Crisp.

Excavation

On 15 April, Crisp notified Katie Hinds, the Portable Antiquities Scheme Finds Liaison Officer for Wiltshire, that he had found the hoard of coins.[7] On 22 April Hinds, together with Anna Booth (Finds Liaison Officer for Somerset) and Alan Graham—an independent archaeologist contracted by Somerset County Council—visited the site to carry out an emergency excavation.[8] The excavation, led by Graham and assisted by Hinds, Booth, Crisp and members of the landowner's family, was performed over three days, from 23 to 25 April.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

The Frome Hoard at the Museum of Somerset

Graham initially excavated a 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) trench around the small hole that Crisp had dug, and identified the pit in which the pot had been deposited. A small black-burnished ware bowl had been inverted over the mouth of the larger pot, to form a lid.[8] First he excavated the pit fill around the exterior of the pot, identifying organic matter which might represent packing material to protect it, and determined that the pot had been broken in situ long before its discovery in 2010. He then excavated the pot itself. Due to the weight of the contents, the need for speedy excavation due to security concerns and the difficulty in lifting the broken pot with the contents still inside—which would be the preferred archaeological method, so that the contents could be excavated in controlled, laboratory conditions—the decision was taken to excavate the coins in the field. The coins were removed in layers[note 1], by which method it was hoped to determine if there was any chronological pattern in the deposition of the coins; that is, whether the earliest coins were at the bottom and latest coins at the top.[1] The coins were collected in 66 labelled bags, and in total weighed approximately 160 kg (350 lb).[5] Graham excavated and recorded the finds, and the others bagged the coins as Graham lifted them out.[9]

Given the weight of the coins, it is thought that it would not have been possible to carry the filled pot to the site: the pot would probably have been buried and the coins tipped in.

After the hoard had been lifted, an archaeological geophysics team was contracted to investigate the area around the hoard but failed to find any evidence of settlement.[14]

Conservation

On 26 April, Sam Moorhead, Finds Advisor for Iron Age and Roman coins at the British Museum, and Roger Bland, Head of the Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure at the British Museum, drove to Frome to collect the excavated coins, and drove them back to the British Museum in London.[5] Over the next six weeks Metals Conservator Pippa Pearce washed and dried all the coins in order to stabilise them, but did not perform a full conservation, which would have cost an additional £35,000.[4][5]

Items discovered
Reverse of a Carausius silver denarius from the Hoard, showing two clasped hands (symbolising the unity of the ruler and the army), alongside the abbreviation 'RSR'. This alludes to a line from Virgil's Eclogues - Redeunt Saturnia Regna or "The Golden Ages have returned".

The coins comprise 67 separate types, and date from the period 253 to 305. The vast majority of coins are made from bronze, but five are made from solid silver.[15]

Of the 52,503 coins found, 44,245 have been identified, and the remainder are classified provisionally as "illegible" until cleaning and conservation has been completed.[1] Of the identifiable coins, 14,788 were minted under the central Roman Empire, 28,377 were minted under the breakaway Gallic Empire, and 766 were minted under the Britannic Empire of Carausius, as shown in the table below.[1] About 5% of the coins identified so far are from the period of Carausius, who ruled Britain from 286 to 293,[1] and the hoard includes five silver denarii issued by Carausius, which were the only type of silver coin to be struck anywhere in the Roman Empire at that time.[16]

Table of coins
ReignDateNumber of coinsEmpire
Valerian & Gallienus (joint reign)253–26046Central Empire
Gallienus (sole reign)260–2686,091Central Empire
Salonina (wife of Gallienus)260–268404Central Empire
Claudius II268–2705,421Central Empire
Divus Claudius270–2711,227Central Empire
Quintillus270333Central Empire
Aurelian270–275266Central Empire
Severina (wife of Aurelian)270–27513Central Empire
Tacitus275–276252Central Empire
Florian27610Central Empire
Probus276–282619Central Empire
Carus282–2838Central Empire
Divus Carus2835Central Empire
Magnia Urbica (wife of Carus)282–2832Central Empire
Carinus282–28519Central Empire
Numerian283–28412Central Empire
Diocletian285–30538Central Empire
Maximian286–30522Central Empire
Postumus260–269257Gallic Empire
Laelian2694Gallic Empire
Marius26935Gallic Empire
Victorinus269–2717,494Gallic Empire
Divus Victorinus27114Gallic Empire
Tetricus I271–27412,416Gallic Empire
Tetricus II272–2745,203Gallic Empire
Uncertain2,954Gallic Empire
Carausius286–293766British Empire

Purpose

Most Roman coin hoards are traditionally believed to have been buried by their owners for safe-keeping, with the intention of being eventually recovered,[17] but Sam Moorhead of the Portable Antiquities Scheme suggests that in this case the pot was so large and fragile that it could not have been easily recovered without breaking it, and so the hoard may represent communal votive offerings to the gods.[16][18]

Inquest and valuation

A coroner's treasure inquest was held on 22 July 2010 to determine the status of the hoard. The inquest declared that the coins were treasure, and therefore became property of the Crown.[18] However, under the terms of the 1996 Treasure Act, a museum may purchase the hoard at an officially valued price, with the purchase price being given jointly to the finder and landowner as a reward. Somerset County Council Heritage Service indicated that it wished to acquire the hoard, and put the coins on display in the new Museum of Somerset in Taunton when it re-opened in 2011.[19]

In October 2010, the hoard was valued by the Treasure Valuation Committee at £320,250, and a public appeal was launched by the Art Fund to raise this amount of money so that the hoard can be purchased by the Museum of Somerset.[20] If the museum succeeded in raising the required money by the deadline of 1 February 2011, it would be shared equally between the finder, Dave Crisp, and the landowners, Geoff and Anne Sheppard, as a reward.[4][21]

The Art Fund gave an initial £40,250 to the appeal fund. The British Museum donated 50p for each copy sold of the book about the hoard, by Moorhead et al., which was published by the museum (see Further Reading, below).[20]

Display
Dave Crisp at Frome Library on 22 July 2010, holding a tray of coins from his find

A selection of the coins were put on display at the British Museum on 8 July 2010 for a press photocall,[1] and the entire hoard was subsequently displayed in Gallery 68 of the British Museum between 15 July and 31 August 2010.[22] Some of the coins from the hoard were exhibited at Frome Library on 22 July 2010.[23] and again on 23 October 2010.[20]

The find was included as part of a BBC Two television programme, Digging for Britain, presented by Alice Roberts in August 2010.[6]

With the help of a grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund (NHMF) the Museum of Somerset in Taunton acquired the hoard in 2011 at the official value of £320,250.[3] The grant from NHMF included £105,000 for conservation work.[24]

The hoard was put on permanent display at the Museum of Somerset when it reopened on 29 September 2011.[25]

See also

Notes
  1. The Portable Antiquities Scheme blog states that there were 12 layers, but the section drawing of the pot shows only 10 layers.

Footnotes
  1. "The Frome Hoard". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. "Huge Roman coin find for hobbyist". BBC. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  3. "Frome Hoard of Roman coins to stay in Somerset". BBC. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  4. "£320,250 needed to save Frome Hoard for Somerset". Portable Antiquities Scheme. 17 October 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  5. Moorhead, Sam (30 September 2010). "The Frome Hoard – The largest pot of Roman coins ever found in Britain". British Museum Book club. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  6. "Roman hoard of coins, The Romans, Series 1, Digging for Britain - BBC Two". BBC. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  7. Hinds, Katie (8 July 1010). "The phonecall". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. Booth, Anna (8 July 1010). "Anna – Day one". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. Booth, Anna (8 July 1010). "Anna – Day three". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. "Katie - Day one". Portable Antiquities Schene. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  11. "Katie - Day two". Portable Antiquities Schene. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  12. "Anna - Day two". Portable Antiquities Schene. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. "Katie - Day three". Portable Antiquities Schene. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. Booth, Anna. "Geophys". The Frome Hoard. Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. Adams, Stephen (8 July 2010). "Roman coin hoard found, the weight of two men". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  16. Booth, Anna (8 July 1010). "Metal-detectorist finds largest pot of Roman coins from Britain". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  17. Galestin, Marjan (2001). "Interpretations of Roman Coin Hoards". In A. J. Nijboer (ed.). Interpreting Deposits: linking ritual with economy : papers on Mediterranean archaeology. Caecvlvs IV. Peeters Publishers. pp. 81–98. ISBN 978-90-367-1297-2.
  18. "Coroner decides Frome Roman coin hoard is treasure". BBC News. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  19. "Hoard of Roman coins unearthed". Somerset County Gazette. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  20. Kennedy, Maev (17 October 2010). "Roman coin hoard valued at £320,250". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  21. "The Treasure Act: Information for finders of treasure (England and Wales)" (PDF). Department for Culture, Media and Sport. March 2003. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  22. Booth, Anna (15 July 2010). "Frome coins on display and a gallery talk". Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. "Coin hoard goes on public display at Frome Library". BBC News. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  24. Kennedy, Maev (21 March 2011). "Somerset and Edinburgh Museums to keep archaeological treasure". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  25. "Frome Hoard goes on display at Museum of Somerset". BBC News. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.

Further reading
  • Moorhead, Sam; Booth, Anna; Bland, Roger (2010). The Frome Hoard. British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2334-9.
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