Fujiwara no Kiyokawa

Fujiwara no Kiyokawa (藤原清河, ?–778), also known by the Chinese-style name Heqing (河清), was a Japanese noble of the Nara period. He was the fourth son of the sangi Fujiwara no Fusasaki, the founder of the Fujiwara Hokke. He reached the court rank of ju san-mi (従三位) and the position of sangi, and was posthumously awarded the rank of ju ichi-i (従一位).

Fujiwara no Kiyokawa 藤原清河
Illustration by Kikuchi Yōsai, from Zenken Kojitsu
Died	778
Family	Fujiwara Hokke
Father	Fujiwara no Fusasaki

As an envoy to Tang China, he served the Tang court along with Abe no Nakamaro, but due to storms and the An Lushan Rebellion he was unable to return to his home, and died in China.

Life

In 740, Kiyokawa was promoted from shō roku-i no jō (正六位上) to ju go-i no ge (従五位下). He rose steadily in the court of Emperor Shōmu and was promoted to ju shi-i no ge (従四位下) in 746. With the ascension of Empress Kōken in 749, he was appointed as sangi, beating his older brother Fujiwara no Nagate to the ranks of the kugyō.

In 750, Kiyokawa was appointed envoy to Tang China,[1] with Ōtomo no Komaro and Kibi no Makibi as vice-envoys. Before his departure, the Emperor gave him a symbolic sword (節刀, settō) as a sign of his command, and he was granted the rank of shō shi-i no ge (正四位下). Upon arriving in Tang China, the envoy entered Chang'an and had an audience with Emperor Xuanzong, who praised them as proper gentlemen.

At the New Year's greeting ceremony in 753 where the various domains offered well-wishes to the Tang Emperor, the Japanese delegation was seated in the second position on the west side, after the Tibetan Empire. Meanwhile, Silla was seated in the first position on the east side. Komaro protested, and the Japanese envoy changed seats with Silla in order to save face.[2]

Almost a year later, Kiyokawa's group set out to return to Japan, accompanied by Abe no Nakamaro, who had lived in China for 35 years and was a high official there as well. The monk Jianzhen wished to accompany them, but as the Tang government had forbidden his departure from China, Kiyokawa refused him. However, the vice-envoy Komaro snuck him on board. Their ships departed from Yangzhou, but the boat carrying Kiyokawa and Nakamaro met a strong headwind and washed ashore farther south, in what is now northern Vietnam. The natives attacked the ship, killing many of its crew, and Kiyokawa and Nakamaro barely escaped with their lives. The second ship, carrying Jianzhen, reached Japan without incident. In 755, Kiyokawa and Nakamaro returned to Chang'an. Kiyokawa took up the Tang-style name of Heqing (河清), and became the chief of the Secretary Ministry (秘書監).

In 759, a delegation led by Kō Gendo entered China through Balhae to take Kiyokawa home. However, because China was in a state of turmoil due to the An Lushan Rebellion, the Tang court forbade his return due to the danger of the roads. In 763, although Kiyokawa was still in China, the Japanese court appointed him governor of Hitachi Province, and in 764 he was promoted to ju san-mi (従三位).

Still unable to return to Japan, Kiyokawa spent another decade in China before another Japanese envoy arrived in 777, and in 778 he died, still in China. The Tang court granted him the posthumous rank of grand governor general of Luzhou (路州大都督). Having at some point married a Chinese woman, he had one daughter, named Kijō (喜娘), who accompanied the envoy back to Japan.

Notes

"Tempyō-shōhō Year 2, Month 9, Day 24". Shoku Nihongi.
"Tempyō-shōhō Year 6, Month 1, Day 30". Shoku Nihongi.

Fujiwara family tree

Kamatari[1]
614–669

Fuhito[2]
659–720

NANKE branch

HOKKE branch

SHIKIKE branch

KYŌKE branch

Muchimaro[2]
680–737

Fusasaki[2]
681–737

Umakai[2]
694–737

Maro[2]
695–737

Toyonari[3]
704–766

Nakamaro[3]
706–764

Otomaro[4]

Nagate[5]
714–771

Matate[4]
715–766

Uona[6]
721–783

Kaedemaro[7]
723–776

Yoshitsugu[8]
716–777

Tamaro[9]
722–783

Momokawa[10]
732–779

Hamanari[11]
724–790

Tsuginawa[12]
727–796

Korekimi[13]
727–789

Uchimaro[14]
756–812

Sonohito[12]
756–819

Otsugu[12]
774–843

Fuyutsugu[15]
775–826

Nagara[1]
802–826

Yoshifusa[1]
804–872

Yoshiyo[16]
823–900

Mototsune[17]
836–891

Tokihira[18][12]
871–909

Tadahira[12]
880–949

Saneyori[12]
900–970

Morosuke[12]
909–960

Yoritada[19]
924–989

Koretada[12]
924–972

Yoritada[12][20]
925–977

Kaneie[12][19]
929–990

Michitaka[21][22]
953–995

Michikane[22]
961–995

Michinaga[23]
966–1028

Yorimichi[24][25]
992–1074

Norimichi[26]
996–1075

Morozane[27]
1042–1101

Moromichi[28]
1062–1099

Tadazane[29]
1075–1162

Tadamichi[30]
1097–1164

Yorinaga[31]
1120–1156

Konoe
Family

Matsudono
Family

Kujō
Family

Konoe Motozane[32]
1143–1166

Matsudono Motofusa[33]
1144?–1231

Kujō Kanezane[30]
1149–1207

Konoe Motomichi[16][34]
1160–1233

Matsudono Moroie[33]
1172–1238

Kujō Yoshitsune[35]
1169–1206

Konoe Iezane[34]
1179–1242

Kujō Michiie[35]
1193–1252

Takatsukasa
Family

Nijō
Family

Ichijō
Family

Konoe Kanetsune[36]
1210–1259

Takatsukasa Kanehira[37]
1228–1294

Kujō Norizane[38]
1211–1235

Nijō Yoshizane[39]
1216–1271

Ichijō Sanetsune[40]
1223–1284

Notes

In the 13th century, the main line of the Fujiwara family split into "Five regent houses": the Kujō, Nijō and Ichijō (descendants of Kanezane); and also the Konoe and Takatsukasa (descendants of Motozane). To view the complete family tree, visit Fujiwara family tree.

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